父親節快樂: 前置的形容詞組 🫶🏻
各位訂閱通訊的父親們,祝您父親節快樂❤️ 上個月,我受到一篇《紐約時報》關於母親節禮物的文章啟發,因而寫了相關主題的通訊(介紹有hyphen的形容詞!)。 因此,我想再次以一篇父親節禮物構思為題的文章,作為本期通訊內容的靈感。 也正如我所料,《紐約時報》果然提供了一些有趣又獨特的建議: https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-fathers-day/ 現在,我們一起詳看當中多個描述禮物構思的句子,是如何運用被前置(topicalized)的past participle字形容詞組,以添加子句中主語的額外信息,並使段落中句子結構更為豐富多變。 以下是文章中一些包含「被前置的」past participle形容詞組的句子(橫線部分): Anchored with a chocolaty depth, this coffee also has a hint of heady booze and a long, sweet finish. 這款咖啡以濃郁的朱古力風味為基調,帶有一絲醉人的酒香,餘韻悠長甘甜。 Divided into 12 chapters, the journal has more than 250 prompts, including “Did you have a nickname growing up?” 這本日誌共分為十二章,包含超過 250 個書寫提示,例如:「你小時候有綽號嗎?」 Inspired by the architecture of the Windy City, the watch features a navy dial with rose-gold accents and a cork-hued, adjustable leather strap. 靈感來自風城芝加哥的建築風格,這款腕錶採用深藍色錶盤,點綴玫瑰金細節,搭配軟木色可調式皮革錶帶。 Manufactured by Nagao Kanekoma since 1894, the Higonokami (knife) has a devoted following among knife nerds. 自 1894 年起由長尾兼光製造的肥後守小刀,在刀具愛好者之間擁有一批忠實擁護者。 Made from rubbery, PFC-free polyurethane, this 100% waterproof has a classic slicker vibe. 這款外套由柔韌且不含全氟化學物(PFC-free)的聚氨酯製成,百分之百防水,散發經典雨衣的氣息。 相信大家都知道,past participle是英文中一種固定的非限定動詞字形。 多數動詞的past participle字形,都是該動詞的基本字形加字尾「-ed」,例如「play」→「played」。但某些動詞的past participle字形也有所謂的不規則字尾,部分甚至會連帶母音轉變,例如「sing」→「sung」。 以上例句中的past participle有「anchored (anchor)」、「divided (divide)」、「inspired (inspire)」、「manufactured (manufacture)」,和「made (make)」。 這些past participle都分別作為各自子句中的修飾語,即用以完整或修飾其他名詞和動詞。它們會傳遞出原本動詞的「被動」意思,例如「inspired」的意思是「被啟發」,「made」則是「被製造」。 這些句子中被標記橫線的past participle詞組,都是主語的形容詞組。 例如: Inspired by the architecture of the Windy City, the watch features a navy dial with rose-gold accents and a cork-hued, adjustable leather strap. 在這個單一子句的句子中,主語是「the watch」。以橫線標記的past participle詞組是修飾主語(為主語添加資訊)的形容詞詞組。 不加這額外形容詞組,句子會是這樣: The watch features a navy dial with rose-gold accents and a cork-hued, adjustable leather strap. 但作者選擇以past participle詞組作為形容詞,並把它前置,加入關於「the watch」的更多資訊: Inspired by the architecture of the Windy City, the watch features a navy dial with rose-gold accents and a cork-hued, adjustable leather strap. 這裡除了表達主語「the watch」在子句的核心內容「features a navy dial…」外,past participle詞組也擴充了主語同時具有「inspired by the architecture of the Windy City」的特質。 前置past participle形容詞詞組,是一種將更多主語資訊包括到單一子句中的常見寫作方式。 作者沒有把這兩項關於「watch」的資訊分別寫成兩個子句,例如: The watch was inspired by the architecture of the Windy City. It features a navy dial with rose-gold accents and a cork-hued, adjustable leather strap. 而是組成形容詞組「inspired by the architecture of the Windy City」並將它前置,使兩項資訊整合到同一個子句中。這單一子句的句子因此變得更豐富,風格也更「有趣」: The watch was inspired by the architecture of the Windy City. It features a navy dial with rose-gold accents and a cork-hued, adjustable leather strap. ↓ Inspired by the architecture of the Windy City, the watch features a navy dial with rose-gold accents and a cork-hued, adjustable leather strap. 我說這前置形容詞組的方式使書寫風格更「有趣」,是因為「主語自然在子句開頭」的英文詞序其實是頗死板的,而可以允許被前置的單字或詞組也只有寥寥幾種。所以當「前置」出現,主語不再佔據頭位時,反而使文本的整體詞序變得有變化一點。 雖然上面所舉的都是前置past participle形容詞組的例子,但前置任何修飾主語的形容詞組,都可以產生相同的效果。 以下是文章中的另一個例句: Compatible with mobile, PC, Xbox, and PlayStation games, the accessory wraps around an iPhone 15 or 16 or an Android and turns it into a horizontal portable game console. 這款配件相容於手機、電腦、Xbox 和 PlayStation 遊戲,能夠環繞 iPhone 15 或 16,或 Android 手機,將其變成橫向攜帶式遊戲主機。 這裡被前置的形容詞組不是past participle詞組,而是一個由形容詞「compatible」開始,再配合另一個介詞組「with…」的形容詞組。但它在子句的功能也是一樣的,都可以讓作者將主語「the accessory」的更多資訊包含在內,同時使風格有變化。 現在,到你來嘗試寫一個包含前置形容詞組的句子了~ |
小練習: 加入前置形容詞組,將以下兩句改寫成一個句子。 This course was developed by Ms. Charlotte in early 2025. It consists of 20 hours of lesson videos and 300 pages of references and assignments. |
(Belated) Happy Father’s Day: Topicalized Adjective Phrases 🫶🏻 Happy (belated) Father’s Day to all the loving fathers who follow these newsletters. ❤️ Last month, I wrote a newsletter (about hyphenated adjectives!) for Mother’s Day, using an article from the New York Times on gift ideas as my jumping-off point. So, I thought I would use an article about Father’s Day gift ideas as my inspiration for today’s newsletter also. As expected, the New York Times has some interesting and unique suggestions again: https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-fathers-day/ For this newsletter, let’s look at how, in many of the sentences describing gifts ideas in the article, past participle adjective phrases are “topicalized” to add in extra information about the subject of a clause and introduce more stylistic variation into the sentence structures. Here are some sentences from the article that have “topicalized” past participle adjective phrases (the underlined portions): Anchored with a chocolaty depth, this coffee also has a hint of heady booze and a long, sweet finish. 這款咖啡以濃郁的朱古力風味為基調,帶有一絲醉人的酒香,餘韻悠長甘甜。 Divided into 12 chapters, the journal has more than 250 prompts, including “Did you have a nickname growing up?” 這本日誌共分為十二章,包含超過 250 個書寫提示,例如:「你小時候有綽號嗎?」 Inspired by the architecture of the Windy City, the watch features a navy dial with rose-gold accents and a cork-hued, adjustable leather strap. 靈感來自風城芝加哥的建築風格,這款腕錶採用深藍色錶盤,點綴玫瑰金細節,搭配軟木色可調式皮革錶帶。 Manufactured by Nagao Kanekoma since 1894, the Higonokami (knife) has a devoted following among knife nerds. 自 1894 年起由長尾兼光製造的肥後守小刀,在刀具愛好者之間擁有一批忠實擁護者。 Made from rubbery, PFC-free polyurethane, this 100% waterproof has a classic slicker vibe. 這款外套由柔韌且不含全氟化學物(PFC-free)的聚氨酯製成,百分之百防水,散發經典雨衣的氣息。 You probably know that past participles are a type of fixed, non-finite verb form in English. The past participle form of most verbs is the base form of that verb plus a regular “-ed” ending -- for example, “play” → “played.” However, the past participles of some verbs also have so-called irregular endings or even vowel changes -- for example, “sing” → “sung.” In the example sentences, the past participles are “anchored” (anchor), “divided” (divide), “inspired” (inspire), “manufactured” (manufacture), and “made” (make). On their own, past participles act as modifiers in clauses. That means they complete or modify other nouns or verbs. They always express a “passive” meaning of the verb they are derived from. For example, “inspired” means “被啟發,” “made” means “被製造.” In these sentences, the underlined past participle phrases are adjectives to the subject. For example: Inspired by the architecture of the Windy City, the watch features a navy dial with rose-gold accents and a cork-hued, adjustable leather strap. In this one-clause sentence, the subject is “the watch,” or the gift idea that is being presented to the readers. The underlined past participle phrase is an adjective phrase that modifies -- that is, adds information to -- this subject. Instead of just having the sentence like this: The watch features a navy dial with rose-gold accents and a cork-hued, adjustable leather strap. The writer decided to “pack in” more information about “the watch” in the same clause by adding this past participle phrase in front of the subject as its adjective: Inspired by the architecture of the Windy City, the watch features a navy dial with rose-gold accents and a cork-hued, adjustable leather strap. The past participle phrase here expresses the meaning that the subject “the watch,” apart from the core content of the clause -- that it “features a navy dial…” -- also has the quality of being “inspired by the architecture of the Windy City.” This way of topicalizing (putting in front) a past participle adjective phrase is a common way to pack in more information about the subject of a clause in writing. Instead of expressing these two pieces of information about this “watch” in two separate clauses, like: The watch was inspired by the architecture of the Windy City. It features a navy dial with rose-gold accents and a cork-hued, adjustable leather strap. The writer is able to include both pieces of information in one clause by turning “inspired by the architecture of the Windy City” into a topicalized adjective phrase. This makes the resulting one-clause sentence richer in content and more stylistically “interesting”: The watch was inspired by the architecture of the Windy City. It features a navy dial with rose-gold accents and a cork-hued, adjustable leather strap. ↓ Inspired by the architecture of the Windy City, the watch features a navy dial with rose-gold accents and a cork-hued, adjustable leather strap. I say that adding this adjective phrase in front of the subject makes the text more “stylistically interesting” because English word order is actually quite rigid, with the subject taking the natural first position of a clause. There are only a few types of words or phrases that can be “topicalized” in front of the subject. So, when this topicalization happens, the subject is no longer the first thing in a clause. This introduces some variation of word order into an overall text. The examples above all feature topicalized past participle adjective phrases, but, of course, any adjective phrase modifying a subject can have the same effect when topicalized. For example, here’s another sentence from the article: Compatible with mobile, PC, Xbox, and PlayStation games, the accessory wraps around an iPhone 15 or 16 or an Android and turns it into a horizontal portable game console. 這款配件相容於手機、電腦、Xbox 和 PlayStation 遊戲,能夠環繞 iPhone 15 或 16,或 Android 手機,將其變成橫向攜帶式遊戲主機。 In this example, the topicalized adjective phrase is not a past participle phrase but a phrase starting with the adjective “compatible,” with another prepositional phrase “with…” further modifying it. But its function within the clause is the same. It allows the writer to pack in more information about the subject “the accessory” in the same sentence and adds stylistic variation. See if you can write a sentence with a topicalized adjective phrase with the prompt below. |
Mini Exercise: Rewrite these two sentences as one sentence by adding a topicalized adjective phrase. This course was developed by Ms. Charlotte in early 2025. It consists of 20 hours of lesson videos and 300 pages of references and assignments. |
Answers: Developed by Ms. Charlotte in early 2025, this course consists of 20 hours of lesson videos and 300 pages of references and assignments. |
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