May your day be filled with laughter: 當代英文中的「祈願語氣」例子 🎈

 

上個母親節,一位朋友傳了一則訊息給我:


May your day be filled with joy and laughter.
願你這天充滿喜悅與歡笑


這讓我想簡單講一下這種在現代英文裡仍常見的固定句型。雖然語氣可能略顯正式,但還是很常用來表達祝福。


你應該也聽過或看過這種句式。它經常用來祝福他人。句子的結構是這樣的:情態動詞 may + 句子的主語 + 一個動詞的基本字形。


例如:

May the Force be with you.
(《星際大戰》的名句)
願原力與你同在

May all your dreams come true.
願你所有的夢想都成真


第一句中,主語是 the Force,動詞基本字形是 be


第二句中,主語是 all your dreams,動詞基本字形是 come


再看原本那句:


May your day be filled with joy and laughter.


主語是 your day,動詞基本字形是 be filled。這是有被動語態的,所以有 be 的基本字形加上所需動詞的past participle字形 filled

如果你上過我們的基礎課程,應該知道每個子句裡都有一個核心限定動詞(finite verb),它反映了時態、體貌、語態、及文法語氣等文法特徵。

那麼這種 May... 句子裡的限定動詞是什麼呢?

其實是 may + 動詞基本字形 這一組,合起來構成限定動詞組。這限定動詞有一種特別的文法語氣,叫做 祈願語氣(optative mood)

在這種語氣中,作為輔助動詞的 may 會跟主語的位置會對調,所以會放在句首。這例如和另一文法語氣--疑問語氣--中的輔助動詞與主語倒裝是一樣的。

不過,optative 這種文法語氣在現代英文裡已經不是「可自由造句」的文法語氣了,也就是說,我們不能隨便拿任何動詞來組成這種句子。在語言學中,我們會說這已「不再是productive」的文法特徵。

我們現在看到的這種句型,其實是一種文法「化石」,即一定是固定了用這個模式出現的,因為這種文法語氣字形在當代英文文法中已不是「productive」的了。

所以,看到像 May your day be filled with joy and laughter 這樣的句子,不需要太在意它的限定動詞看起來「很怪」,只把它當作成一種固定用法就好了。

雖然這種語氣不能自由運用,但這個固定句構還是很常見的。你可以在日常生活中用它來表達祝福。只要注意它是固定形式,而且說話語氣稍微正式一點就ok。



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May you day be filled with laughter: "Optative" mood in contemporary English 🎈


On the past Mother’s Day, I received this text message from a friend:


May your day be filled with joy and laughter.

願你這天充滿喜悅與歡笑


This inspired me to write briefly about this fixed construction that is still quite frequently used in contemporary English -- although the tone can sound a bit stylized and formal.


I am sure you have heard or seen this construction before. It is frequently used for well-wishing. The modal verb “may” is followed by the “subject” of the clause -- or the “subject” of the wish, if you want to think about it that way -- and then the base form of the verb that is needed for the intended meaning. 


For example: 


May the Force be with you. 

(A famous line from the Star Wars movies)

願原力與你同在


May all your dreams come true.

願你所有的夢想都成真


In the first sentence, the subject is “the Force,” and the base form of the verb that comes after it is “be.” In the second sentence, the subject is “all your dreams,” and the base form of the verb that comes after it is “come.”


May your day be filled with joy and laughter.

願你這天充滿喜悅與歡笑


In my original example, the subject is “your day,” and the base form of the verb is “be filled” -- it is a base form of a verb in passive voice, so there is the base form of “be” followed by the past participle “filled.” 


If you have taken our foundational course before, you would know that every clause has a core finite verb. This finite verb has a form that reflects the intended tense, aspect, voice, and/or grammatical mood of the core action of the clause. 


Which one is the finite verb in a clause that has this fixed construction with “may”? 


Actually, the modal verb “may” and the base form of the verb that comes after the subject make up the finite verb group together.


This finite verb group has a special grammatical mood called “optative” (祈願語氣). A finite verb form with this grammatical mood involves the modal verb “may” and the base form of a verb (just like normal with modal verbs), but with the “may” switching positions with the subject so that it is in the first position in the clause.


If you recall from our course, other grammatical moods include “subjunctive,” “interrogative” etc. When a finite verb has the “interrogative” mood, the auxiliary verb also switches position with the subject, for example.


Now, the tricky part is that the “optative” mood is no longer a grammatically productive mood in contemporary English grammar. This means that we cannot just form a sentence with this mood freely, with any verb.


The only time that we still see this “optative” mood appear is basically in this well-wishing construction with “may.”


We should think of it as a “fossilized” construction that reflects a grammatical mood that used to be productive in English grammar but is no longer so.


So, the point is, you don’t need to worry to much about the “weird” finite verb from in a clause like “May your day be filled with joy and laughter.” The correct way to think about it is that it is a “fossilized” construction that reflects a grammatical mood called “optative” that we no longer productively use in contemporary English.


Although the “optative” mood is no longer productive and cannot be applied freely to any verb and sentence now, this fixed construction with “may” is still quite commonly used, as I said at the beginning.


So, you can still feel free to use this for well-wishing in your daily life. Just note that it always has this fixed form, and that it can sound a little stylized and formal sometimes.


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