用 hyphen 連接的形容詞:母親節特輯 💗

 

祝訂閱這個電子報的所有媽媽們母親節快樂!💗希望大家都能好好休息一下,享受應得的放鬆時光。


在母親節這種特別節日前後,雜誌和報紙等出版物通常會推出一些精選的潮流又貼心的禮物清單。這些清單一向都很有趣!


我最近在閱讀紐約時報的母親節禮物推薦文章:

https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-mothers-day-gifts/


我注意到這篇文章裡有不少用hyphen 連接的形容詞,所以今天的電子報就挑幾個例子來講解一下。


「Hyphen」——在書寫上就是一條短短的「-」——在寫作中有幾個常見用途,其中一個很重要的功能是把幾個字視覺上連起來,表明它們作為一組在文法上扮演的是一個統一的角色,而不是各自平行地表達意思。


例如,這句子裡有三組加了hyphen的形容詞組:



We also have plenty of surprising and off-beat gift ideas, like fashionable garden clogs, a handsome dual-purpose bowl, and some high-quality sweats.
我們還有許多驚喜又別出心裁的禮物點子,例如時尚的園藝木屐、一個外觀精美兼具雙重用途的碗,以及一些高品質的運動褲



「Off-beat」、「dual-purpose」和「high-quality」這三組形容詞加了hyphen,是為了表明它們是作為一個整體來修飾後面的名詞。


比如在「high-quality sweats」裡,「high-quality」整體是一個形容詞修飾「sweats」,而連字號強調了「high」和「quality」不是各自平行地修飾「sweats」——不是「high and quality sweats*」。


而是「high」先修飾「quality」,然後這個「形容詞+名詞」組合「high-quality」再作為一個整體來修飾「sweats」。Hyphen 讓我們在書寫時能夠清楚地呈現這個關係。


(當然,不要忘了,標點符號只是人造的系統,幫助我們在書寫時更清楚地展示句子的文法結構——說話的時候句子是沒有標點的!)


我們再看看這句裡的另外兩個hyphen連接的形容詞組。在「off-beat gift ideas」中,介詞「off」和名詞「beat」形成了一個詞組。


它本來應該是個正常的介詞組,但在日常用法中,這個介詞組已經變成一個常用的形容詞。為了表明「off-beat」整體是一個形容詞來修飾「gift ideas」,而不是「off」作為介詞與「beat gift ideas」形成一個介詞組——我們也會把這種形容詞加上hyphen表示。


「Dual-purpose」也是同樣的概念。它本來是個名詞組——「dual」修飾「purpose」。但當我們把這個名詞組用來修飾另一個核心名詞(這裡是「bowl」)時,我們加 hyphen來表明「dual-purpose」是作為一個單一的形容詞,而不是兩個平行的形容詞。


你大概也可以從這些例子看出來,像「dual-purpose」、「high-quality」和「off-beat」這些連字形容詞,通常涉及的字本身原本都不是形容詞。


當這些字或詞組被用作形容詞來修飾另一個名詞時,我們通常會加hyphen,來表明例如「high」是先修飾「quality」,然後整個「high-quality」再去修飾「sweats」。


不過,如果有需要表達「兩個形容詞一起組成一個整體意思來修飾名詞」,即使這兩個字本來都是形容詞,我們有時也會加 hyphen 來把它們視覺上連起來。


舉個例子:「Chinese-American man」——意思是「有中美這混合身分的男子」,不是「Chinese and American」兩個平行的意思;還有像「red-green color blindness」——表示這種色盲是「紅色和綠色一起作為一個概念」的色盲。


這篇文章裡也有一個這樣的例子:



…a beautifully colored branch of fuschia pops out with wavy purpley-green leaves and hanging reddish blooms…
……一枝色彩斑斕的倒掛金鐘探出來,帶著波浪狀的紫綠色葉子和垂吊的紅色花朵……



「Purpley-green」加上 hyphen,是為了表明「purpley」(有點帶紫的)是先修飾「green」,形成作者想表達的那種顏色。然後,「purpley-green」整體再去修飾「leaves」——而不是「purple」和「green」分別平行地修飾「leaves」,那樣會更容易讓人理解成葉子是「一部分紫一部分綠」。


我們再看幾個例子來收尾:



With pool and beach days on the horizon, the flowy, all-cotton Poemet Desert Rose Pareo will help your mom welcome the sunnier days ahead.
泳池和沙灘的日子即將來臨,輕盈飄逸、全棉質地的 Poemet Desert Rose 沙龍裙,能幫助你媽媽迎接接下來的陽光日子

If pink isn’t your mom’s color, or she likes to stack bracelets, there are plenty of other options, like pearl lemon, glass-bead mini pear, and cherries.
如果你媽媽不喜歡粉紅色,或是她喜歡疊戴手鏈,還有許多其他選擇,例如珍珠檸檬、玻璃珠迷你梨子和櫻桃

The 80-ounce Mosser Colored Glass Batter Bowl will gussy up the labor of making pancakes, cookies, and cakes. And the vintage-style bowl is just as practical for serving gazpacho or watercress soup in the summer.
這款 80 盎司的 Mosser 彩色玻璃攪拌碗,能為製作班戟、曲奇和蛋糕的過程增添美感。而這款復古風格的碗,在夏天用來盛涼拌湯或西洋菜湯也同樣實用


最後一個例子也展示了我們經常會給涉及具體數字的形容詞組加 hyphen。如果我們不寫成「80-ounce」,讀者就比較容易誤解成「80」是量詞(如有「80」個「bowls」),而實際上「80-ounce」是形容碗的容量的整體形容詞。


再次祝大家母親節快樂!這星期不妨也留意一下還有沒有其他的例子可以找到~


Hyphenated Adjectives: Mother's Day Edition 💗


I wish all the moms who subscribe to this newsletter a very Happy Mother’s Day! 💗I hope everyone is getting a well-deserved break. 


In the lead-up to a special holiday like Mother’s Day, publications like magazines and newspapers usually come up with their own curated lists of trendy and thoughtful gift ideas. These lists are always fun to read! 


I was reading this particular article on Mother’s Day gift ideas from the New York Times:


https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/gifts/best-mothers-day-gifts/


I noticed that there are quite a few hyphenated adjectives in the article, so I thought I could pick a few out to discuss in today’s newsletter.


The “hyphen” -- which is orthographically a short dash “-” -- is used conventionally in writing for a few different purposes. A prominent one is to visually connect words together to show that they are serving a unified grammatical function as a group when these same words can be interpreted to be expressing meaning in parallel instead. 


For example, there are three adjective phrases in this sentence that are hyphenated:


We also have plenty of surprising and off-beat gift ideas, like fashionable garden clogs, a handsome dual-purpose bowl, and some high-quality sweats.

我們還有許多驚喜又別出心裁的禮物點子,例如時尚的園藝木屐、一個外觀精美兼具雙重用途的碗,以及一些高品質的運動褲。


The adjectives “off-beat,” “dual-purpose,” and “high-quality” are hyphenated to show that these group of words together form one unified adjective that modifies the nouns after them.


For example, in “high-quality sweats,” “high-quality” together is one adjective that modifies “sweats.” The hyphen helps to emphasize that the words “high” and “quality” are not modifying “sweats” in parallel -- like “high and quality sweats*.”


Rather, the adjective “high” first modifies the noun “quality.” Then, this original adjective + noun combination “high-quality” assumes the role of an adjective to “sweats” together as a group. The hyphen allows us to show this relationship visually in writing.


(But then, again, don’t forget that punctuation is just a man-made system that allows us to show the grammatical structure of a sentence more clearly in writing -- there is no punctuation in speech either way.) 


Let’s look at the other two hyphenated adjectives in this sentence as well. In “off-beat gift ideas,” the preposition “off” forms a phrase with the noun “beat.”


Instead of being a normal prepositional phrase, this prepositional phrase has become in common usage a stand-alone adjective phrase on its own. In order to show that “off-beat” together is one adjective that modifies “gift ideas,” rather than that “off” is a preposition forming a prepositional phrase with “beat gift ideas” -- we conventionally hyphenate this adjective phrase as well.


Dual-purpose” is the same idea. This is normally a noun phrase -- the adjective “dual” modifying the noun “purpose.” But when we use this noun phrase as an adjective to modify another core noun -- which is “bowl” here -- we use the hyphen to show in writing that “dual-purpose” is one singular adjective rather than two adjectives in parallel.


As you can probably observe in these examples, hyphenated adjectives like “dual-purpose,” “high-quality,” and “off-beat” usually involve words that are originally, by themselves, not adjectives.


When these words or phrases are used as adjectives to modify another noun, we usually hyphenate them to show that, for example, “high” first modifies “quality,” and then the entire phrase “high-quality” modifies “sweats.” 


However, we also use hyphens to visually link two words that are originally adjectives by themselves if we need to show that both words together form a meaning that modifies the core noun in question. 


Examples that come to mind are “Chinese-American man” -- which means “Chinese and American combined as one identity” rather than “Chinese and American in parallel” -- and something like “red-green color blindness” -- which suggests this “color blindness” pertains to “red and green together as one concept.” 


There is one such example in the article I mentioned as well: 


…a beautifully colored branch of fuschia pops out with wavy purpley-green leaves and hanging reddish blooms…

……一枝色彩斑斕的倒掛金鐘探出來,帶著波浪狀的紫綠色葉子和垂吊的紅色花朵……


Purpley-green” is hyphenated to show that “purpley” (有點帶紫的) first modifies “green” to form that specific color that the author wants to express. Then, “purpley-green” together modifies the noun “leaves” -- rather than “purple” and “green” modifying “leaves” in parallel, which would suggest that the leaves are “both purple and green.”


Here are a few more examples to wrap up:


With pool and beach days on the horizon, the flowy, all-cotton Poemet Desert Rose Pareo will help your mom welcome the sunnier days ahead.

泳池和沙灘的日子即將來臨,輕盈飄逸、全棉質地的 Poemet Desert Rose 沙龍裙,能幫助你媽媽迎接接下來的陽光日子


If pink isn’t your mom’s color, or she likes to stack bracelets, there are plenty of other options, like pearl lemon, glass-bead mini pear, and cherries.

如果你媽媽不喜歡粉紅色,或是她喜歡疊戴手鏈,還有許多其他選擇,例如珍珠檸檬、玻璃珠迷你梨子和櫻桃


The 80-ounce Mosser Colored Glass Batter Bowl will gussy up the labor of making pancakes, cookies, and cakes. And the vintage-style bowl is just as practical for serving gazpacho or watercress soup in the summer.

這款 80 盎司的 Mosser 彩色玻璃攪拌碗,能為製作班戟、曲奇和蛋糕的過程增添美感。而這款復古風格的碗,在夏天用來盛涼拌湯或西洋菜湯也同樣實用



The last example shows that we often hyphenate adjective phrases involving specific numeric quantities. If we do not hyphenate “80-ounce,” it is easier for the reader to misinterpret that “80” is the quantifier for “bowls” -- as in “80 bowls” -- when, in fact, “80-ounce” is an adjective describing the volume that the bowl can hold.


Happy Mother’s Day again! See if you can find some more examples of hyphenated adjectives this week. 

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