淺談: Present Participles 作為修飾語💡

 

上星期,一位學生問了我一個關於以下句子的問題:


The technique reacts swiftly to risks, reducing the likelihood of a car accident.


她想知道以「-ing」結尾的單字來開頭的詞組(有底線的部分)是甚麼意思,以及她應該如何組成這類型的詞組。


只用簡單文字去回應的話並不容易,因為這需要全面解釋以「-ing」結尾的字形在整個英文文法系統中所發揮的作用。


我製作我們基礎課程的主因,是為了能夠以一個全方位和系統化的文法框架來解釋所有這些概念。文法系統的每一部分都是相連的,所以要理解當中任何部分,其實也要理解其餘的部分;因此,當我不能參照這框架逐步來解釋這些概念時,難免會感到有點掙扎。


但當然,我還是盡最大努力以電郵回答了(這是我對待每個提問的做法^^)。我也想在這次的通訊中與大家分享一下有關這問題的回應,以便有興趣的訂閱者能多了解一下。

____________


學生所問的,是有底線標記的「-ing」詞組的含義,以及如何組成它並運用:


The technique reacts swiftly to risks, reducing the likelihood of a car accident.


先要記得一個重點,英文文法中有兩種字形都是以「ing」結尾的。第一種是「gerund」字形,扮演的是名詞的角色。Gerund名詞能表達出「那個動作實行」的名詞意思。


(今天我們不再討論gerund了,有興趣可參閱以往有關這主題的通訊,例如這篇:https://www.mscharlotteacademy.blog/2024/10/gerund-phrases-being-chosen-for-flight.html


至於上述例句中的詞組「reducing the likelihood of a car accident」,並非gerund詞組,而是另一種以「-ing」字形開首的詞組,我們可稱之為「present participle」字形開始的詞組。


Gerund」和 「present participle」都是所謂的「非限定(non-finite)」動詞字形,意思是它們在子句中不是「真正的」那個動詞。因為我們都知道,子句中「真正的」核心動詞或動作是它的限定(finite)動詞。


「非限定」的動詞字形在子句中會扮演其他角色(即不會是核心動作)。上面例句中的「gerund」是名詞的角色,可以扮演任何名詞的角色,例如在下面句子中是名詞主語:


Eating pizza makes me happy.

吃比薩令我開心


而「present participle」字形是另一種「非限定」動詞字形,能在子句中發揮兩種不同的功能。一,它們可以與其他輔助動詞一同組成限定動詞,例如:


 I am playing a game.


這裡的present participle字形「playing」與「am」一起組成了限定動詞字形「am playing」。


然而,當present participle(以及past participle,不過因為學生的問題沒有涉及,我在這裡只會集中討論對present participle)沒有和另一個輔助動詞組成限定動詞時,它們便會扮演子句中的修飾語(modifier),而且通常是像我們例子中的,描述整個子句的副詞修飾語。


讓我們再回到學生提供的句子:


[ The technique reacts swiftly to risks, reducing the likelihood of a car accident. ] 


此句只包含了一組子句,主語是「the technique」,限定動詞是「reacts」。相信不少讀者對這部分都清楚了。


當中「reducing the likelihood of a car accident」 是一個present participle詞組 – 即由一個present participle開始的詞組。


這裡的present participle字形是「reducing」,含動詞「reduce」的基礎字形,加上固定的「-ing」字尾。


就理解這種詞組所表達的內容而言,我常叫學生將限定動詞的動作視為子句的「主要」動作,present participle詞組的動作則是修飾這主要動的的「背景」或「附帶」動作。


像「reducing the likelihood of car accidents 」的present participle詞組,所表達的意思就類似於:


當子句的核心動作「the technique reacts swiftly to risks」發生時,「reduce the likelihood of a car accident」的動作也同時作為「背景」或「結果」發生了。


再看看原句:


The technique reacts swiftly to risks, reducing the likelihood of a car accident.

這項技術能迅速應對風險,降低發生車禍的可能性。


就如其他副詞修飾語,這裡的present participle提供了關於核心動作的額外資訊


但只是由於participle牽涉到動詞的動作,這讓學生們尤其困惑。


用法上,當我們想以一個動作來作修飾,便會用到present participle來表達。


如這句中,我們想要表達子句的核心動作「the technique reacts swiftly to risks」發生在「reducing…」的背景中,或導致了「reducing…」的結果--所以「reduce…」這動詞就會變成present participle 詞組來出現,作為修飾子句核心動作的元素。


我們可嘗試用另一個簡單的例子來想。


例如:


Peter stood over there, waving his arms at me

彼得站在那邊,朝我揮舞著手臂


這裡也只有一個子句,同樣有present participle詞組修飾子句中的核心動作(即限定動詞的動作)。


當中的「主要動作」是「Peter stood over there」,是句子需要表達的核心動作。


然後我們可以為這核心意思加一個修飾語,表達當「Peter stood over there」時,另一個動作「wave his arms at me」同時作為背景在發生。因此我們將「wave his arms at me」的動作換成present participle詞組修飾語。


再舉個例,譬如我們組成了以下句子:


I sat in my living room.

我坐在客廳裡


子句中已有一個核心動作 – 「I」是主語,「sat」是限定動詞。


我們想為核心動作添加一個動作的修飾語,例如描述在核心動作「I sat in my living room」發生的同時,自己也在「drink coffee from my favorite mug」。


我們便可以把它作為present participle修飾語加進去:


I sat in my living room, drinking coffee from my favorite mug

我坐在客廳裡,用我最喜歡的杯子喝咖啡


我們必須明白,present participle詞組的動作是修飾語 - 視乎不同的句子和語境,它可以表達「背景」動作或主要動作所導致的「結果」。


還有另一點要注意,有別於限定動詞,非限定動詞字形(像是present participles)並不會有自己的明顯主語。


因此,當我們在子句中加入present participle詞組來修飾子句時,表示那實行核心限定動詞動作的主語,同時也在實行present participle詞組的動作。


例如:


Peter stood over there, waving his arms at me


句子中的「Peter」同樣是present participle動作「waving his arms」的「實行者」。


I sat in my living room, drinking coffee from my favorite mug.


而這裡的「I」也是「drinking coffee…」的「實行者」。


The technique reacts swiftly to risks, reducing the likelihood of a car accident.

這項技術能迅速應對風險,降低發生車禍的可能性。


所以,在原本問題的句子中,「reducing…」也是由限定動詞的主語「the technique」來實行的。


重點還是要了解present participle修飾語是用來修飾整個子句的核心動作的。由於整個子句的核心動作都由主語執行,那麼present participle的動作自然也是由同一主語執行。


單用文字去解釋確是有點困難,但希望這些內容可以讓大家更清晰地理解present participle詞組的角色。


小練習:

請為下面的句子添加一個 present participle 修飾語組。嘗試表達「她穿過公園,享受著新鮮的空氣」的意思:


She walked through the park.

她穿過公園


In Brief: Present Participles as Modifiers 💡


Last week, a student asked me a question about this example sentence: 


The technique reacts swiftly to risks, reducing the likelihood of a car accident.


She asked me, specifically, “what the phrase starting with the word with the ‘-ing’ ending (the underlined part) means and how she should go about forming this type of phrase.


This question is quite hard for me to answer simply in a textual reply because it necessitates a comprehensive explanation of what grammatical roles words with the “-ing” ending can play within the overall system of English grammar. 


The reason that I created my foundational course is so that I can explain all of these concepts in one all-encompassing, systematic grammatical framework. As such, I often struggle when I am called on to craft a reply without drawing on the whole framework.


But, of course, having said this, I answered the question as best as I could within the scope of an email (I always do with every question!), and I thought that I could reformat my reply as a newsletter so other subscribers can read it as well, if they are interested.


____________


So, again, the student’s question was about what the “-ing” phrase underlined below means and how she should go about forming it in her own sentences: 


The technique reacts swiftly to risks, reducing the likelihood of a car accident.


The main thing to remember is that there are two different types of words in English grammar with the “-ing” ending. The first is called a “gerund” form -- a gerund acts as a noun. Gerund nouns express the meaning of “那個動作的實行” as a noun. 


I will not go into gerunds here because I have written other newsletters about this topic before. For example, this one: https://www.mscharlotteacademy.blog/2024/10/gerund-phrases-being-chosen-for-flight.html


Now, in the example sentence above, the phrase “reducing the likelihood of a car accident” is not a gerund phrase but rather a phrase starting with the other type of “-ing” form in English, which we call the “present participle” form.


Both “gerunds” and “present participles” are what we can call “non-finite” verb forms This means that these verb forms are not the “actual verb” inside a clause -- because we know that the “actual” core verb or action of a clause is its finite verb. 


So, “non-finite” verb forms always play other roles in a clause (as in, “not” the finite verb). We saw above that gerunds play the role of nouns in a clause. They can play any noun role, for example, the noun subject, like in this sentence below: 


Eating pizza makes me happy.

吃比薩令我開心


Now, “present participle” forms are a type of “non-finite” verb form that have two different functions in a clause. They can form finite verbs together with other auxiliary verbs, like in:


 I am playing a game.


Here, together with “am,” the present participle form “playing” is building this finite verb form “am playing.”


However, when present participles (and also past participles, but this question is about present participles so I will focus on them) are not building a finite verb with another auxiliary verb, they act as modifiers in a clause, usually an adverb modifier to a whole clause like in our example.


Let’s look at the sentence again: 


[ The technique reacts swiftly to risks, reducing the likelihood of a car accident. ] 


This sentence consists of only one clause. The subject is “the technique,” and the finite verb is “reacts.” I am sure that most of you know this part. 


Now, the phrase “reducing the likelihood of a car accident” is a present participle phrase -- as in, it is a phrase that starts with a present participle. 


This present participle form here is “reducing.” It consists of the base form of the verb “reduce” plus the regular ending “-ing.” 


In terms of what a present participle phrase expresses, I like to tell students this: Think about the finite verb’s action as the “main” action, and the action of a present participle phrase as a “background” or “side” action that modifies this main action


What a present participle phrase like “reducing the likelihood of car accidents” expresses as a modifier here is something like:


While the core action of the clause takes place -- “the technique reacts swiftly to risks” -- in the “background,” or “at the same time,” or “as a result” -- the action of the present participle phrase takes place simultaneously. 


Here is the sentence again: 


The technique reacts swiftly to risks, reducing the likelihood of a car accident.

這項技術能迅速應對風險,降低發生車禍的可能性。


So, here, the core action of the clause is:


The technique reacts swiftly to risks 

這項技術對風險作出迅速反應


At the same time as this core action, the action of “reducing the likelihood of a car accident” is happening also in the background, or as a result. 


Like any other adverb modifier, the present participle here gives further information about the core action of the clause.


it is just especially confusing to students because participles involve verbs’ actions. 


In terms of “using” a present participle to express meaning, the idea is that we use it when we want to use an action as the modifier to the clause.


Here, we want to express that the core action of the clause, “the technique reacts swiftly to risks,” takes place against the background of “reducing…,” or leads to the result of this other action.


The action of “reducing the likelihood of a car accident” is the modifier to “the technique reacts swiftly to risks,” giving further description and information about what the implications of this “swift reaction” are. 


We can consider this idea with a simpler example.


For example: 


Peter stood over there, waving his arms at me

彼得站在那邊,朝我揮舞著手臂


Here, there is also one clause. There is also a present participle phrase modifying the core action (finite verb’s action) of the clause.


The “main action” is “Peter stood over there” -- this is the core action and meaning that the sentence needs to express.


Then, we want to add a modifier to this core meaning to express that, while “Peter stood over there,” he was also doing another action in the background simultaneously, which is “wave his arms at me” -- so, we would turn this action “wave his arms at me” into a present participle phrase modifier.


Here is another example. Let’s say you formed this sentence: 


I sat in my living room.

我坐在客廳裡


You have a core action here in this clause -- “I” is the subject and “sat” is the finite verb.


You want to add an action as a modifier to this core action. For example, you want to describe that you’re also “drinking coffee from my favorite mug” while the core action of “I sat in my living room” took place.


You can then add this as a present participle modifier: 


I sat in my living room, drinking coffee from my favorite mug

我坐在客廳裡,用我最喜歡的杯子喝咖啡


The main thing to understand is that the present participle phrase’s action is the “modifier” to the main action -- in the sense of a “background” action or the “result” of the main action, depending on the sentence and context. 


Another thing to note is that non-finite verb forms like present participles don’t have their own subjects, unlike finite verbs. 


So, when we add present participle phrases to a clause to modify it, the idea is that whoever is doing the core finite verb’s action is also “doing” the present participle modifier’s action at the same time.


For example: 


Peter stood over there, waving his arms at me


Here, “Peter” is also the “doer” of the present participle’s action of “waving his arms...” 


I sat in my living room, drinking coffee from my favorite mug.


Here, “I” is also the “doer” of “drinking coffee…”


The technique reacts swiftly to risks, reducing the likelihood of a car accident.

這項技術能迅速應對風險,降低發生車禍的可能性。


So, in the original sentence in the question, “reducing…” is also “done” by the subject of the finite verb, “the technique.


The main thing to get overall is that the present participle modifier is the modifier to the whole clause’s core action. Since the whole clause’s core action is done by the subject, the present participle’s action is also implied to be done by the same subject.


Like I said, it is quite difficult to describe all this in words, but I hope this clarified what present participle phrases express for some of you!


Mini Exercise:  


Try to add a present participle phrase as a modifier to the the sentence below. Try to express “她穿過公園,享受著新鮮的空氣”: 


She walked through the park.

她穿過公園


Answers:

  1. She walked through the park, enjoying the fresh air.


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