有被動語態的動名詞組(Gerund Phrases): 「Being Chosen for a Flight Mission」 ✈️
如果你是我們基礎課程的學生,或者有觀看我們的免費學習內容和通訊,應該也知道我經常強調要建立一個系統性的框架去理解英文文法。因為只有這樣,我們才能把日常生活中遇到的每個例子,都變成是有價值的學習資源。
早前我在一個學生新聞網站上看到一篇文章,內容關於 Katya Echazarreta – 第一位登陸太空的墨西哥女太空人。文章的首句如下:
Being chosen for a flight mission is not easy.
被選中參與飛行任務並不容易
透過對英文文法的系統性理解,我們能從這句子中學到什麼?
我們就挑選一個知識點,放進我們的框架中去鞏固和學習吧。
此句的主語是「being chosen for a flight mission」,限定動詞是「is」。當中還包含了謂語形容詞「not easy」,以形容主語的「不容易」。
主語「being chosen for a flight mission」並非一個「普通」的名詞組,而是我們所謂的「動名詞組」(“gerund” phrase)。
動名詞(gerund)是一個由動詞轉化成名詞的特別字形,表達的是「該動詞動作的實行」。我們在任何動詞後面添加字尾「-ing」也可以把它變成動名詞。*例如:
Eating makes me happy.
吃東西讓我感到快樂。
I like eating.
我喜歡吃東西。
我們在動詞「eat」後面添加字尾「-ing」,便可以把它變成動名詞。
上述兩句中的「eating」都是動名詞,扮演名詞的角色。
第一句中,動名詞「eating」(吃東西這動作的實行)是主語,配合限定動詞「makes」,意思是「實行吃東西這動作使我快樂」。
第二句中,動名詞「eating」是限定動詞「like」的直接賓語,即表示那是我喜歡做的動作/事情。
由於動名詞是由動詞衍生的,它們也會保有該動詞表達某意思時原本有的賓語或修飾語。而整個包含動名詞及其賓語和所有修飾語的詞組,就是整個「動名詞組」。例如:
Eating pizza makes me happy.
吃披薩讓我感到快樂
動詞「eat」如要表達「吃某東西」的意思,會有一個直接賓語,例如「I ate pizza」。所以我們把動詞「eat」轉化成動名詞,表達「吃 pizza 的行動」時,它同樣會連接直接賓語「pizza」。
因此,「eating pizza」就是一個包含動名詞「eating」以及其賓語「pizza」的動名詞組。整個動名詞組發揮了名詞的功能,在這裡扮演了主語的角色。
我們嘗試在這動名詞組中多添加一個修飾語:
Eating pizza for lunch makes me happy.
吃披薩當午餐讓我感到快樂。
這動名詞組中多出現了一個修飾語組「for lunch」,修飾了「eating pizza」的行動。現在整個「eating pizza for lunch」都是動名詞組,整個動名詞組就是扮演這句子的主語。
那麼,我們如何把這知識套入我一開始所說的句子?
Being chosen for a flight mission is not easy.
被選中參與飛行任務並不容易
這裡同樣有一個動名詞組「being chosen for a flight mission」作為句子的主語,但它與動名詞組「eating pizza」有點不一樣。
這裡的動名詞「being chosen」具有被動語態(passive voice),但「eating」則是主動語態。
一般學生學「被動語態」(passive voice)時,都是學限定動詞有被動語態的例子。例如:
She was chosen for a flight mission.
她被選中參加飛行任務
這子句中的限定動詞「was chosen」有被動語態(passive voice)。具被動語態的限定動詞是由輔助動詞「be」的正確時態的字形,與主要動詞的一種叫「past participle」的固定字形組成的。
因此,如果我們想把動詞「choose」組成具被動語態的限定動詞,便須加入輔助動詞「be」(這裡是「was」的過去式字形,因為所需表達的意思是過去式),以及「choose」的「past participle」字形「chosen」,變成「was chosen」。
但其實不止限定動詞能有被動語態,任何動詞字形,包括像動名詞的「非限定」字形也可以。
我們組合一個有被動語態的動名詞組,跟我們組合一個有被動語態的限定動詞邏輯是一樣的:
Being chosen for a flight mission is not easy.
被選中參與飛行任務並不容易
首先我們需要「be」作為輔助動詞,然後,再加入主要動詞的「past participle」字形。
如上面重溫了,要建立動名詞組,我們須添加「ing」字尾 – 由於有「be」作為輔助動詞,字尾會直接加在它後面,變成「being」。
最後只要加入「choose」的「past participle」字形「chosen」,組合成「being chosen」。
「being chosen」就像「eating」一樣,也是個動名詞組,分別只是它具有被動語態。這動名詞的被動語態所表達的意思同樣是「被選中」,與其他動詞字形的被動意思無異(但它是名詞)。
不要因為「being chosen」是個有被動語態的動名詞組而被迷惑了,因為它究竟還是一個動名詞組,就如「eating makes me happy」中的「eating」一樣。
另外,我剛才也提到,動名詞組同樣能夠包含賓語和修飾語。
例句中的動名詞組是「being chosen for a flight mission」。介詞組「for a flight mission」是「being chosen」的動作的修飾語。
整個動名詞組一起扮演句子中的主語角色,表達「被選中參與飛行任務並不容易」。
大家以後可以多留意在日常生活中出現的其他動名詞組,看看它們是主動還是被動的語態~
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小練習:
請將以下動詞組改寫成動名詞組並完成句子。
(*注意配合正確的語態)
“Swim in the ocean” (在海中游泳)
________________________________ energizes me.
在海洋中游泳使我充满活力。“criticize” (批評)
________________________________ does not feel good.
被批評的感覺並不好
備註
*
英文中另一種非限定動詞的字形 – 「present participle」字形,同樣有「-ing」字尾。這可能會造成混淆,因為「present participle」並不是動名詞,它們是修飾語,而是名詞。
例如:
Eating ice-cream makes me happy.
吃冰淇淋讓我感到快樂。
「Eating ice-cream」中的「eating」是動名詞(geurnd)的字形,「eating ice-cream」是動名詞組。它的功能是名詞,擔當這個子句的主語。
Eating ice-cream, I feel happy.
吃著冰淇淋,我感到快樂。
此句也有相同的詞組「eating ice-cream」,但它不是動名詞組,而是「present participle」。它是修飾子句「I feel happy」的副詞修飾語,表達「在做吃雪糕的動作時,我會感到開心」。
它所表達的是,主語「I」在進行「eating ice-cream」的這個情境下,「feel happy」。「Eating ice-cream」為子句中的主要動作「I feel happy」去修飾它的背景資訊。它的角色並非名詞。
我們可以在另一篇通訊中再探討一下這個主題。
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Gerund Phrases in Passive Voice:
“Being Chosen for a Flight Mission” ✈️
If you have taken our foundational course or followed our free learning content and newsletters, you would know that I always emphasize building up a systematic framework of understanding English grammar -- because, once you do that, every example you encounter in daily life will become a valuable learning resource.
I came across this first line from an article on a student news site. The article is about Katya Echazarreta, the first Mexican woman to go space as an astronaut:
Being chosen for a flight mission is not easy.
被選中參與飛行任務並不容易
What can we learn from this sentence with our systematic understanding of English grammar?
Let’s pick out one thing to consolidate and learn within our framework.
The subject of this sentence is the phrase “being chosen for a flight mission,” and its finite verb is “is.” There is also a predicate adjective, “not easy,” describing that this subject is “not easy.”
The subject, “being chosen for a flight mission,” is not a “normal” noun phrase but rather what we call a “gerund” phrase.
A gerund is a special form of a verb that makes the verb into a noun. A gerund noun expresses the meaning of “the doing of that verb’s action” (該動詞動作的實行). We can add the special ending “-ing” to any verb to make it into a gerund noun.* For example:
Eating makes me happy.
吃東西讓我感到快樂。
I like eating.
我喜歡吃東西。
If we add the ending “-ing” to the verb “eat,” we turn it into a gerund noun.
In these two sentences, “eating” is a gerund playing the role of a noun.
In the top sentence, the gerund noun “eating” (吃東西這動作的實行) is the subject, with the finite verb “makes.” The meaning is that the “doing” of the action of “eat” “makes me happy.”
In the bottom sentence, the gerund noun “eating” is the direct object of the finite verb “like.” It is the “thing” that “I like.”
Gerund nouns, because they are formed from verbs, can also retain any objects or modifiers that that verb would have. When this happens, the whole phrase, starting with the gerund itself and including all its objects and modifiers, would be the “gerund phrase.” For example:
Eating pizza makes me happy.
吃披薩讓我感到快樂
The verb “eat,” when it expresses the meaning of “eating something,” can have a direct object -- e.g. “I ate pizza.” So, if we turn this verb “eat” into a gerund to express the meaning of “doing the action of eating pizza,” it would retain the direct object “pizza.”
As in, “eating pizza” is a gerund phrase consisting of the gerund “eating” and its object “pizza.” The whole gerund phrase functions as a noun phrase, acting as the subject in this case.
Let’s add one more modifier into the gerund phrase as an example:
Eating pizza for lunch makes me happy.
吃披薩當午餐讓我感到快樂。
Here, there is another modifier phrase “for lunch” inside the gerund phrase, modifying the action of “eating pizza.” Now, the whole phrase “eating pizza for lunch” is the gerund noun phrase. The whole gerund noun phrase is the subject of this sentence.
Now, how does this knowledge tie into the sentence we encountered at the beginning?
Being chosen for a flight mission is not easy.
被選中參與飛行任務並不容易
There is also a gerund noun phrase as the subject in this sentence -- “being chosen for a flight mission” -- but something is different between this gerund phrase and “eating pizza.”
The difference is that the gerund here, “being chosen,” has passive voice, whereas “eating” has active voice.
We usually hear about “passive voice” in relation to the finite verb of a clause, for example:
She was chosen for a flight mission.
她被選中參加飛行任務
The finite verb here, “was chosen,” has passive voice. If you recall, a finite verb with passive voice is formed with the auxiliary verb “be” in the correct tense form that we need, plus the past participle form of the main verb.
So, if we want to turn the verb “choose” into a finite verb with passive voice (and past tense and simple aspect, like it is here), we need to have the auxiliary verb “was” plus the past participle of “choose,” that is, “chosen” -- “was chosen.”
However, it is not only finite verbs that can have passive voice. Any verb form -- including “non-finite” ones like gerunds -- can have passive voice.
The way that we form a passive voice form in a gerund phrase has the same logic as when we form a passive voice finite verb:
Being chosen for a flight mission is not easy.
被選中參與飛行任務並不容易
We first need “be” as an auxiliary verb and the past participle of the main verb.
Because we are building a gerund phrase, we need to add the “-ing” ending -- because there is an auxiliary “be,” we add this ending to the auxiliary “be,” which gives us “being.”
Then, we just add the past participle form of “choose,” ending up with “being chosen.”
So, “being chosen” is a gerund noun phrase, just like “eating,” except it has passive voice. The passive meaning expressed by a gerund is the same as that expressed by any other verb form -- that is, it means “被選中,” except it is a noun.
Don’t be thrown off by a phrase like “being chosen” just because it is in passive voice. It is just a gerund noun phrase, just like “eating” in “eating makes me happy.”
Also, just like I explained above, gerund phrases can include the objects and modifiers as well.
In the example, the gerund noun phrase is actually “being chosen for a flight mission.” The prepositional phrase “for a flight mission” is a modifier for the action of “being chosen.”
The whole phrase functions as a gerund noun phrase, acting as the subject of this sentence.
Try to look out for other gerund noun phrases in active and passive voice in your daily life.
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Mini Exercise:
Turn the given verb phrases into gerund noun phrases (with the correct voice). Then, complete the sentences.
“Swim in the ocean” (在海中游泳)
________________________________ energizes me.
在海洋中游泳使我充满活力。“criticize” (批評)
________________________________ does not feel good.
被批評的感覺並不好
__________________________________
Answers:
Swimming in the ocean energizes me.
Being criticized does not feel good.
__________________________________
Notes:
*
Note that another non-finite verb form in English, the “present participle” form, also has the ending “-ing.” It might be confusing because present participles are NOT gerunds -- they do not function as nouns in a clause but rather as modifiers.
For example:
Eating ice-cream makes me happy.
吃冰淇淋讓我感到快樂。
The form “eating” in the phrase “eating ice-cream” is a gerund. The phrase “eating ice-cream” is a gerund phrase. It is functioning as a noun in the clause. It is the subject of this clause.
Eating ice-cream, I feel happy.
吃著冰淇淋,我感到快樂。
In this sentence, the identical phrase “eating ice-cream” is not a gerund phrase but rather a present participle phrase. It acts as an adverbial modifier to the clause “I feel happy.”
It expresses the meaning that the subject “I,” while doing the action of “eating ice-cream” in the background, “feel happy.” The phrase “eating ice-cream” modifies the “background conditions” for the main action in the clause, “I feel happy.” It doesn’t act as a noun.
We can explore this topic in another newsletter.
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