「Help make」、「let live」: 使役動詞和沒有的「to」標記的基本動詞字形

 

最近有一位學生問了我一個問題,關於這句英文句子:


Children who help make their own lunches are more likely to eat them.
有幫忙準備自己午餐的孩子更有可能把午餐吃完


她問到這句子中的關係子句中的限定動詞組 help make。


她問的是:為什麼動詞 help 不是情態動詞(modal verb),但後面接的 make 卻是個沒有「to」標記的基本動詞字形(bare infinitive)?


簡單來說,這是因為 help 這個動詞屬於英文中的一類叫做「使役動詞(causative verbs)」的動詞,而這類動詞的結構特徵之一就是後面會有沒有「to」標記的基本動詞字形。


例如:


They helped make the cake. 他們幫忙做蛋糕


其他具有這個結構特徵的使役動詞還包括「let(讓)」,如在俗語「live and let live」(自己活,也讓別人活)中,和「make(使到)」,如在固定用法「make do」(將就)中。


不過,正如我在這個電子報中多次提過的,語言文法是會演變的。


英文文法在這方面的演變方向是:現在的基本動詞字形都基本上一律會有「to」來標記,而不帶「to」的基本動詞(bare infinitives)則只在情態動詞後面出現,例如「can make」。


長話短說,這樣的演變趨勢使得原本還能接 bare infinitive 的那幾個使役動詞(例如 helpletmake)現在也越來越受到演變壓力,要和所有其他接有「to」標記的基本動詞組的動詞對齊。


因此,我們現在看到的像 let live 或 make do 這些結構,通常都是一些固定用法,母語人士也不太會再主動產出這類型的新句子。


至於 let 和 make,目前只會在有賓語的情況下保留這種「動詞 + bare infinitive」的特徵,例如:They let her do it.(他們讓她做)、They made her do it.(他們叫她做)

但如果沒有賓語的話,這種結構幾乎不會再出現。


「Help」 則是一個比較有趣的例子,因為它目前仍然可以直接接 bare infinitive,就像原本的例句那樣:


They helped make the cake.
他們幫忙做蛋糕


這句話在現代英文裡依然很自然。但這個動詞也同時在「對齊趨勢」下,可以由帶「to」的基本動詞組去完成,例如:


They helped to make the cake.
他們幫忙做蛋糕


這兩個版本目前都正確、自然。


不過,有趣的是,當我們改變 help 的動詞形態,就會發現不是每一種形式都一樣自然地可以接 bare infinitive。


例如:



They are helping make the cake.
他們正在幫忙做蛋糕


當我們把 help 換成現在進行式的 are helping,後面直接接 bare infinitive 的 make 就沒以上的例子中那麼自然了。


雖然這句話仍然是正確、可以接受的,但這種「不對稱的自然度」就顯示出:help + bare infinitive 這個用法的存在,可能在未來會慢慢被淘汰。


總而言之,現在你還是可以選擇使用 help 接 bare infinitive,也可以接有「to」的基本動詞組,兩種都對。不過,像上述這個例子所示,當句子是現在進行式這樣的結構時,說「They are helping to make the cake」通常會更自然一點。


“Help make,” “let live”: Causative verbs that still take bare infinitives


A student asked me a question about this sentence recently:


Children who help make their own lunches are more likely to eat them. 
有幫忙準備自己午餐的孩子更有可能把午餐吃完


Specifically, she asked about the finite verb phrase “help make” within the relative clause.


She asked why the verb “help,” not being a modal verb, has a bare infinitive “make” -- that is, an infinitive form of a verb not marked by the marker “to” -- after it.


The short explanation is that the verb “help” belongs to a class of “causative” verbs in English (“causative” means “causing something else to happen”) that have this structural characteristic.


For example: 


They helped make the cake. 他們幫忙做蛋糕


Other examples of such “causative” verbs are “let” (讓)and “make” (使到), for example, in the sayings “live and let live” and “make do.”


As I have mentioned many times before in these newsletters, however, grammar evolves.


English grammar has evolved so that, now, infinitive phrases have the marker “to” to mark them, and bare infinitives only appear with modal verbs to form finite verb phrases, like “can make.”


Long explanation short, because of the overall “streamlines” in the grammar in this regard, the few remaining causative verbs -- as in, “help,” “let,” and “make” -- that still take bare infinitives are also under “pressure” to “align” with other verbs that take infinitives with “to.” 


As such, most examples we see of such causative verbs and this feature of them taking bare infinitives are fixed expressions like “let live” and “make do,” and we don’t really produce such verb phrases in the language now. 


“Let” and “make” now only retain this feature after a direct object -- for example, “they let her do it 他們讓她做” and “they made her do it 他們使到她做,” but they don’t directly take a bare infinitive anymore. 


“Help” is an interesting case because it does, as the original example shows, still have this feature of taking a bare infinitive now. For example: 


They helped make the cake. 他們幫忙做蛋糕


This sentence is still very natural. However, what has happened is that it has also aligned with other verbs that take infinitive phrases in English now and can now take infinitive phrases marked by “to” as well, for example: 


They helped to make the cake. 他們幫忙做蛋糕


Both of these sentences are correct and natural in current English.


However, interestingly, because the “pressure” is for the verb “help” to align completely with other verbs that take infinitives with the marker “to,” we can see that, if we play with the verb form of “help,” not all of its possible forms can take a bare infinitive and be equally natural.


For example, what springs to mind is this: 


They are helping make the cake. 他們正在幫忙做蛋糕


When we change the form of “help” to the progressive finite verb form “are helping,” for instance, with the present participle “helping,” it is less natural for it to take a bare infinitive after.


It is still correct and acceptable, but we can see from these “imbalances” (where it sounds more natural in some cases than others) that this feature of “help” taking a bare infinitive is one that will probably fade out in the future.


Anyway, currently, you can choose either to use “help” with bare infinitives or with infinitives with “to,” but like the above example shows, when it’s a form like “are helping,” saying “they are helping to make the cake” is probably more natural now. 


Best, 


Ms. Charlotte

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