🇩🇪🇦🇹🇨🇭德文單字……在英文裡?
你可能知道,我的學術背景不僅是語言學,也包括德國文學。🇩🇪🇦🇹🇨🇭 我想也許我可以寫一篇簡短的電子報,介紹幾個直接從德文借來、在英文中相當常見的單字。🌭 我第一個想到的例子是 “Zeitgeist”、“ersatz” 和 “Schadenfreude”。 “Zeitgeist” 是一個名詞,意思是「一個時代的整體文化精神」(“Zeit” 是「時間」,“Geist” 是「精神」)。這個詞在英文中相當常見,尤其用在文化評論中: The novel reflects the Zeitgeist of the 1960s, full of rebellion, experimentation, and social upheaval. 這部小說反映了 1960 年代的時代精神,充滿叛逆、實驗精神與社會動盪 德文中所有名詞書寫時都會大寫。作為一個直接的德文借詞,“Zeitgeist” 這個名詞在英文裡通常也會大寫。 “Ersatz” 原本是個名詞,意思是「替代品」,但傳入英文後,通常作為形容詞使用,用來形容另一個名詞是「品質較差的替代品」。因為在英文裡多數情況下是形容詞,所以通常不會大寫: During the war, people had to rely on ersatz goods like coffee made from roasted barley instead of real beans. 戰爭期間,人們不得不依賴替代品,例如用烘焙大麥製成的「咖啡」,而不是用真正的咖啡豆 “Schadenfreude” 經常被非德語人士引用為一個特別精準(和好笑)的概念。它是一個名詞,意思是「因別人遭遇不幸而產生的快感」(“Schaden” 是「不幸」,“Freude” 是「喜悅」),像中文的「幸災樂禍」的名詞版。作為德文名詞,它在英文中也通常會大寫: He tried to hide his Schadenfreude when his arrogant rival finally stumbled. 當那位傲慢的對手終於出錯時,他努力掩飾內心的幸災樂禍。 需要注意的是,這些詞是直接從德文借進英文的詞,而不是英文裡與德文有共同「語源」的詞。 我之前曾寫過,德文和英文是非常接近的「語言表親」,它們都來自同一語系的同一分支——日耳曼語支,而這個語系屬於印歐語系。 因此,英文和德文中有許多詞都來自相同的語源,並在歷史演變中各自另在兩個語言中發展。我們把這種在不同現代語言中,來自同一語源的詞稱為「同源詞」(cognates)。 例如,英文的 “man” 和德文的 “Mann”,或英文的 “hound” 和德文的 “Hund”,就是明顯的同源詞,即使不是語言學家也能辨認出來。 然而,同源詞是各自語言中的原本詞彙——它們來自共同的祖先詞,但在各自語言中獨立演變至今,作為那個語言中的字。 所以,“man” 是英文字,就像 “Mann” 是德文字一樣,它們只是碰巧有同一個祖先詞。 但我今天介紹的這三個字,則完完全全只是德文字,直到比較近代才被英文借用來表達這些特定的意思。 雖然這些詞現在在英文中已經很常見,但它們仍保留著原始德文的樣貌,因此在英文中看起來還是有點「外來感」。這種外來感常常為英文使用時增添一種知識性或風格上的效果。 |
🇩🇪🇦🇹🇨🇭German words… in English? You may know that my academic background is not only in Linguistics and but also in German Literature. 🇩🇪🇦🇹🇨🇭 I thought maybe I could write a short newsletter introducing a couple of words that are borrowed straight from German and used quite commonly in English. 🌭 The first examples that come to mind are “Zeitgeist,” “ersazt,” and “Schadenfreude.” “Zeitgeist” is a noun that means “the general cultural spirit of an era” (“Zeit” means “time,” and “Geist” means “spirit.”) It is quite commonly used in English, especially in cultural commentary: The novel reflects the Zeitgeist of the 1960s, full of rebellion, experimentation, and social upheaval. 這部小說反映了 1960 年代的時代精神,充滿叛逆、實驗精神與社會動盪 All nouns in German are capitalized in writing. As a direct German loanword, the noun “Zeitgeist” is also mostly capitalized in writing even in English. “Ersatz” is originally a noun meaning “a substitute,” but, transported into English, it is usually used as an adjective describing another noun as “a substitute of inferior quality.” Because it is usually used as an adjective in English, it is mostly not capitalized: During the war, people had to rely on ersatz goods like coffee made from roasted barley instead of real beans. 戰爭期間,人們不得不依賴替代品,例如用烘焙大麥製成的「咖啡」,而不是用真正的咖啡豆 “Schadenfreude” is often quoted by non-Germans as an overly specific word for an interesting concept. It is a noun that means the “pleasure that is derived from another person’s misfortune” (“Schaden” means “misfortunes,” and “Freude” is “joy.”) It is a German noun, so it is also mostly capitalized when used in English: He tried to hide his Schadenfreude when his arrogant rival finally stumbled. 當那位傲慢的對手終於出錯時,他努力掩飾內心的幸災樂禍。 The thing to note about these words is that they are direct loanwords from German into English and not English words that share the same “ancestry” as their German equivalents. I have written elsewhere before that German and English are close “cousin” languages that descended from the same branch (the “Germanic” branch) within the same big historical language family (the “Indo-European” Language family). As such, there are a lot of words in English and German that descended and evolved from the same root in the past. We call these words in historically related modern languages “cognates.” For example, the words “man” in English and “Mann” in German, or the words “hound” in English and “Hund” in German, are clear cognates that even non-linguists easily recognize. However, cognates are words that are actually native in their respective modern languages -- they descended from the same root from a common ancestor, but then they independently evolved in their respective languages to reach their current forms. So, “man” is a native word in English, just like “Mann” is a native word in German. They just happen to have descended from the same “ancestor word.” The three words I introduced today, however, are complete, straight-up German words and were only borrowed into English to express these specific meanings relatively recently. Although these words are now in common usage in English, they still remain in their original, unaltered German forms, so they still seem “foreign” in English. This often adds another intellectual or stylistic dimension to their usage in English. |
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