命令語氣與逗號:Tag Us on Instagram and Get a Free Drink! 🍹

 

我們會給參與基礎課程的學生定期發一些學習電郵。當中有一封給新學生的內容,是請他們簡單分析一下以下的句子:


Tag us on Instagram and get a free drink!


當然我不要求非常詳盡和複雜的分析,畢竟會收到這「小測驗」的都是剛開始課程不久的學生。


在上完課程的第一個section後,學生基本上都能正確回答出,句子中有兩個子句由連接詞「and」連接:


[ Tag us on Instagram ] and [ get a free drink! ]


也有一些更細心的學生會作進一步的(正確)分析:當中兩個完整的子句都沒有明顯的主語,限定動詞「tag」和「get」都呈現出命令語氣(imperative mood)。


當子句中的限定動詞呈現出「imperative」文法語氣,主語其實就是「you」,因為我們是運用這種語氣去請求(或命令、要求、指示等,視乎語境)第二人稱的對象執行限定動詞的動作。


由於有命令語氣的限定動詞是直接指向「you」的,我們習慣性地會省略主語「you」,並以限定動詞來開始子句。


在我們的例句中,「tag」和「get」分別是各自子句中的限定動詞,兩者也呈現命令語氣。


相信大家都知道,有命令語氣的限定動詞的字形,與該動詞的基本字形是一樣的。所以「tag」的命令語氣字形是「tag」,「get」的命令語氣字形是「get」,如此類推。


跟其他子句中的限定動詞一樣,有命令語氣的限定動詞也可以連接賓語和額外的修飾語。像「tag」在這裡的賓語是「us」,「get」的賓語是「a free drink」。至於介詞組「on Instagram」則扮演「tag us」的修飾語。


而「and」是其中一種所謂的「對等」連接詞(“coordinating” conjunction),可以連接兩組文法上平衡的子句 – 即在第一組子句的意思已表達圓滿的情況下,將另一組子句「添加」在後。例句中的「and」就是把兩組子句「tag us on Instagram」和「get a free drink」連接成較長的句子。


最近一位學生在分享他的分析時,順道問我為什麼在「and」之前沒有加入逗號。


確實,在一般標點符號的用法上,我們會慣性在連接另一組子句的對等連接詞(像是「and」)之前加一個逗號^。 例如:


I saw him, and he said hi. 


但其實我們也有另一種慣性做法,是不會在這個「and」和另一個子句前加逗號的。


例如當兩組由「and」連接的子句有著相同的主語,我們就通常不會加逗號,以便更能表現出兩個限定動詞的動作均由同一個主語執行。


例如:


I went to the cafe and I ordered a hot chocolate. 


除了不加逗號,我們也通常會省略在第二句中重複的主語:


I went to the cafe and ordered a hot chocolate.


標點符號的功能,是幫助我們在寫作時將句子的結構和意義表現得更清楚。我們不在這句中加入逗號,能在陳述中呈現出兩個限定動詞的動作 –「went to the cafe」和「ordered a hot chocolate」是有關聯及具連續性的。


但這並不是說在「and」之前加逗號就是錯誤的。比如我們運用逗號來製造一個小停頓,以此讓第二部分的「ordering a hot chocolate」更突出也是可以的:


I went to the cafe, (pause) and ordered a hot chocolate. 


再回到學生問我的那個問題 – 例句中的「and」之前沒有逗號,因為兩組子句中呈現命令語氣的限定動詞,都有相同的隱藏主語「you」。


像我先前說的,由「and」連接的子句如果擁有相同的主語,我們通常都不會加入逗號:


[ I went to the cafe ] and [ ordered a hot chocolate. ]


[ Tag us on Instagram ] and [ get a free drink! ]


同時我們也習慣省略在第二部分中「重複的」主語。不過因為這裡是命令語氣,所以本身就沒有明顯的主語可拿掉。


「Tag us on Instagram」和「get a free drink」之間沒有逗號,更能顯示出在完成「tag us on Instagram」後便直接會導致「get a free drink」的結果。而這也很符合句子想要傳達的本意,因此不加逗號反而更合適和自然。


當然,如前所說,即使我們在這裡使用了逗號也並非是「不正確」的。標點符號本來就是幫助我們在書寫上更清晰地顯現出句子的結構和講者本意,用法上具有相當的彈性。


例如,我們想在兩個動作之間增添一個停頓時,便會使用逗號來達到效果。或者假設我們更希望強調「tag us on Instagram」和「get a free drink」是兩個分開的動作,無需讓人覺得「tag us」就能「get a free drink」,也可以用逗號來分隔。


重點是,標點符號是用來幫助我們把書面句子的結構和意思表現得更清晰。因此,即使與平常的標點使用習慣有偏差,但只要它能在特定的語境中實現這功能,也可以視之為「正確」。


^ 但請記住,標點是一種「人為的」符號系統,作用只是幫助書面句子更清晰地顯示結構和意義,它本身並不是文法一部分。我們固然可以討論標點符號的習慣用法,但它實際上並不屬於文法的一部分。標點符號不會改變句子的文法結構,只是幫助這結構更清晰地表現。因此,只要所用的標點能將句子結構和意思更好地傳達,也可視為使用「正確」。


Imperative Mood and Commas: Tag Us on Instagram and Get a Free Drink! 🍹


In one of the emails that we send out to our students a week after they start our foundational course, we ask them to do a simple analysis on this sentence:


Tag us on Instagram and get a free drink!


We only expect a simple analysis since we send the “quiz” out shortly after students start.


After learning the simple tools of analysis from the first Section of our course, students are usually able to reply with the correct analysis that there are two complete clauses linked by the conjunction “and” in this sentence: 


[ Tag us on Instagram ] and [ get a free drink! ]


Some more observant students would further (and correctly) analyze that, within each of the complete clauses here, there is no explicit subject because the finite verbs “tag” and “get” are both showing the imperative mood.


When the finite verb of a clause has the grammatical mood called “imperative,” the subject is always “you,” because we use the imperative mood to ask (or command, request, direct, etc., depending on context) a second-person listener (“you”) to do the action of that finite verb.


However, because a clause with a finite verb in imperative mood is always directed directly to “you,” we customarily leave out this subject “you” and just start the clause with the finite verb. 


In this example sentence, “tag” and “get” are respectively the finite verbs of their clauses, and they are both in imperative mood.


As you probably know, finite verbs in imperative mood have the same form as the verbs’ base forms, so the imperative form of “tag” is “tag,” “get” is “get,” etc.


Just like any finite verb in a clause, finite verbs in imperative mood can also have objects and other modifiers, of course. Here, “us” is the object of “tag,” and “a free drink” is the object of “get.” The prepositional phrase “on Instagram” acts as an adverb phrase to “tag us.”


Now, the conjunction “and” is an example of what we call “coordinating” conjunctions, which are conjunctions that connect two clauses as grammatically equal clauses, with the second clause “added” onto the first after the meaning in the first has been expressed fully. This “and” connects the two clauses “tag us on Instagram” and “get a free drink” into a longer sentence.


Recently, one student replied with his analysis of this sentence and asked why there is no customary comma before the “and.” 


It is true that, in general punctuation convention in writing, we would add a comma in front of coordinating conjunctions (like “and”)  linking another complete clause^. For example:


I saw him, and he said hi. 


However, there are also other conventions as to when we would more commonly withhold this comma before “and” and another clause. 


For example, when the two clauses connected by “and” share the same subject, we would commonly not add this comma to convey the sense that the two actions expressed by the finite verbs in the clauses are done by the same person in the same “narrative.” 


For example: 


I went to the cafe and I ordered a hot chocolate. 


In addition to withholding the comma before “and” here, we would also commonly omit the “repeated” subject in the second clause, as in: 


I went to the cafe and ordered a hot chocolate.


Remember that punctuation conventions are meant to help us show the structure and meaning of a sentence more clearly in writing. By not adding the comma before “and” in a sentence like this, we can convey the sense that the two finite verbs’ actions in these clauses -- “went to the cafe” and “ordered a hot chocolate” -- are interconnected and continuous in the narrative. 


However, this doesn’t mean that adding a comma before the “and” is “incorrect” -- for example, if we wanted to use an extra comma to add a “pause” in the sentence so that the second part, the “ordering a hot chocolate” part, can be emphasized more, this would also be natural: 


I went to the cafe, (pause) and ordered a hot chocolate. 


Anyway, back to the point about the student’s recent enquiry -- there is no comma before the “and” in the original example sentence because both clauses, with their finite verbs in imperative mood, have the same implicit subject “you.”


Like I said above, when the clause linked by “and” shares the same subject as the clause it is added to, we commonly withhold the comma: 


[ I went to the cafe ] and [ ordered a hot chocolate. ]


[ Tag us on Instagram ] and [ get a free drink! ]


When we withhold this comma, we also commonly omit the second “repeated” subject -- but since the clauses in this case are in imperative mood, there is no explicit subject to omit anyway.


Not adding a comma between “tag us on Instagram” and “get a free drink” conveys a clear sense that doing the action of “tagging us on Instagram” directly leads to the result of “getting a free drink.” Since this is likely the intended meaning of the sentence, not adding a comma is very natural and appropriate.


But, again, if we were to add a comma before “and” in our example sentence, it would not be “incorrect,” because punctuation use is fluid as long as it helps us show the structure and intended meaning of our sentences more clearly in writing. 


For example, if we wanted to add a pause before the two actions, we could add a comma to convey this, or, if we wanted to convey (hypothetically) that “tag us on Instagram” and “get a free drink” are two separate actions, not necessarily linear in the sense of “tagging us” leading to “getting a free drink,” a comma would be able to convey this as well. 


The point is, punctuation conventions are general guidelines to help us show the structure and meaning of our written sentences more clearly, but, as long as a punctuation mark achieves this goal in a particular context, it is used “correctly” -- even if it deviates from standard conventions.


^ But recall that punctuation is a “man-made” system of symbols that lets us show the structure and meaning of our written sentences more clearly. We can discuss “punctuation conventions,” but punctuation is not a part of actual grammar. Punctuation does not change the grammatical structure of sentences -- it is just meant to help us show it more clearly in writing. So, in this vein, any use of punctuation that helps us convey the structure and meaning of a sentence more clearly is a “correct” use.


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