用英文表達折扣 %💵

 

我們的課程會不定期推出一些折扣優惠,或者今天的通訊也來談談如何用英文來表達「折扣」吧。由於中文是用另一種概念方式來談折扣的,因此轉用英文表達時,廣東話母語人士常常會覺得有點反直覺。


首先,英文通常會使用「discount」^ 一字的名詞字形來表達關於折扣的意思。 

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^ 「discount」也有動詞的版本,不過動詞版是表達「低估」或「輕視」之類的意思。例如:

She discounted his opinion because he lacked experience.

她不予考慮他的意見,因為他缺乏經驗


由於動詞版的「discount」通常不是表達「給予折扣」,因此不會在這篇通訊中詳談。

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我們會說 「give a discount」 來表達提供一個比所標示價錢更低的價格。這表達方式中,「a discount」是動詞「give」的直接賓語。


假如我們想表明給予折扣的對象,可以在「give」後面連接一個間接賓語,或者加入一個「to」介詞組來引出該對象。


例如:


The store gave us a discount.

商店給了我們折扣


The store gave a discount to customers who bought in bulk

商店對大量購買的顧客提供折扣


第一個例句中的「us」是「gave a discount」的間接賓語。如果一個動詞同時有直接和間接賓語,那麼間接賓語會先於直接賓語出現。因此這裡是「gave us a discount」,而不是「gave a discount us*」。


除了連接間接賓語,我們也可以用「to」介詞組來引出接受折扣的對象。就像第二個例句,介詞組「to customers who bought in bulk」中的「customers who bought in bulk」正是折扣的接受者。


我們可以選擇用文法上的間接賓語,或者是「to」介詞組來表達動詞動作的間接接受者。而多數情況下這兩種表達方式都是可互換的。


把上面兩個例句互換一下也一樣正確:


The store gave a discount to us.

商店給了我們折扣


The store gave customers who bought in bulk a discount

商店對大量購買的顧客提供折扣


我們把第一個例句改成連接介詞組,而第二個例句,則把「customers who bought in bulk」改寫成「gave」的間接賓語。


這兩種表達「give a discount」(或其它允許連接間接賓語的動詞動作)接受者的方式是互通的,但風格上,我們一般會避免連接太長的間接賓語(即包含許多形容詞組作修飾語的賓語),因為這會使讀者/聽者隔很久再了解到直接賓語是什麼。


例如,「customers who bought in bulk」作為間接賓語的話也算是有點「長」(因為當中加入了「who bought in bulk」去修飾「customers」),如果像原句般使用「to」介詞組去引出的話感覺就比較自然了。這可以使直接賓語「a discount」比接受者更早出現。


如果接受者是一個「短」的名詞組,尤其可能只是個代名詞(例如「us」),我們就通常以間接賓語的方式來表達。


想必你也注意到,英文和廣東話表達折扣度的方式並不相同。如果用廣東話,我們會把折扣表達為「原價的百分比」,也就是我們要實際支付的部分。例如當我們說「八折」,意思是原價的80%。


但英文不一樣,我們表達的是「從原價中減掉的百分比」。例如:


The store gave us a 20% discount.

商店給了我們 八折


從這例子我們也看到,「被折扣了的百分比」經常會被用作名詞「discount」前面的形容詞修飾語,像是「a 10% discount」、「a 20% discount」、「a 50% discount」等等。


像「a 20% discount」這種名詞組其實就是指「折扣」的本身,如果我們想用它來描述其他事物,通常會使用固定的「at」介詞組來表達。例如:


I bought the jacket at a discount

我以折扣價買了這件外套


I bought the jacket at a 20% discount.

我以 20% 的折扣買了這件外套


這兩個介詞組「at a discount」和「at a 20% discount」,都是句子中修飾限定動詞核心動作「I bought the jacket」的副詞組,形容「buying the jacket」這動作是在享有這個折扣的條件下完成的。


另一種表達與「at a 20% discount」相同意思的方法,是「20% off」。我們通常把它用作謂語形容詞組來描述有折扣的貨品。例如:


This jacket was 20% off.

這件外套打了 8 折


在非正式的表達中,「X% off」偶爾也會被當成副詞組,有時會包含在介詞組中,也可以自己獨立出現。例如:


I bought this jacket at 20% off.

我以 20% 的折扣買了這件外套


I bought this jacket 20% off.

我以 20% 的折扣買了這件外套


當我們說「at 20% off」時,實際上其完整詞組應該是「at a 20% off discount」– 介詞組中的名詞組仍然是「discount」,只因頻繁使用而被省略而已。


「discounted」是從動詞「discount」衍生出來的形容詞,意思是「被減價的」。例如名詞組「discounted price」就是一個經常出現的配搭。我們也可以使用「at a discounted price」這樣的介詞組去表達,意思與「at a discount」是一樣的:


I bought this jacket at a discounted price.

我以折扣價買了這件外套


還有,我們也可以用形容詞「big」或「small」來形容折扣的大小。例如:


Can you give us an even bigger discount?

你可以給我們更大的折扣嗎?


我最後還想到一個常見的名詞組「discount store」– 由核心名詞「store」,以及扮演其修飾語的名詞「discount」組成的複合名詞組,意指售賣低價商品的店鋪,像是日本的「100 円」店。

小練習:


請用英文表達以下句子的意思:



他們給了我們7折優惠


Talking about Discounts in English %💵


Our courses are periodically offered at discounted prices, so I thought I could use today’s newsletter to talk about “discounts” in English. Expressions about discounts in English are not always intuitive to native Cantonese speakers as Cantonese uses different conceptual ways of expressing the same meanings.


First, in English, we usually use the word “discount”^ in its noun form.


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^ The word “discount” has a verb version as well, but, as a verb, “discount” is used to express the meaning of “underestimate something” or “consider something unimportant.” For example:

She discounted his opinion because he lacked experience.

她不予考慮他的意見,因為他缺乏經驗


Since the verb version of “discount” usually does not mean “give a discount,” we won’t consider it in this newsletter.

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We can say “give a discount” to mean offer something as a lower price than its listed price. The noun phrase “a discount” is the direct object of the verb “give” in this expression.


If we want to indicate the person/entity we are giving the discount to, we can add in an indirect object to “give,” or we can express the recipient with another prepositional phrase with “to.”


For example: 


The store gave us a discount.

商店給了我們折扣


The store gave a discount to customers who bought in bulk

商店對大量購買的顧客提供折扣


In the first example above, “us” is indirect object of “gave a discount.” Recall that an indirect object comes in front of a direct object when a verb has both, so it is “gave us a discount” instead of “gave a discount us*.” 


We can also express the recipient of the discount with a prepositional phrase with “to” instead of an indirect object, like in the second example. The prepositional phrase “to customers who bought in bulk” expresses that the recipient of the discount is the noun phrase inside this prepositional phrase, i.e. “customers who bought in bulk.” 


This is a good opportunity to review that, very often, we can choose to express the indirect recipient of a verb’s action with either a grammatical indirect object or a “to”-prepositional phrase. In most cases, these two ways of expressing the recipient are interchangeable.


For example, we can switch up the two examples above:


The store gave a discount to us.

商店給了我們折扣


The store gave customers who bought in bulk a discount

商店對大量購買的顧客提供折扣


Now, in these examples, we have rewritten the first example with the prepositional phrase “to us” instead and rewritten the second example with “customers who bought in bulk” as the indirect object of “gave.” 


These two ways of expressing the recipient of “give a discount” (or any other action of a verb that allows an indirect object) are quite interchangeable, but, stylistically, sometimes we would avoid having a indirect object that is too long (as in, with too many adjective phrases as modifiers) because this “slows” down the reader/listener before they can get to the direct object. 


For example, “customers who bought in bulk” is arguably quite “long” as an indirect object (with its relative clause adjective “who bought in bulk” modifying “customers”), so it might be more natural to express this recipient of the action with the “to-”prepositional phrase like in the original example sentence. This allows the recipient to come after the direct object “a discount.”


When the recipient is a “short” noun phrase, or especially when it is a pronoun, like “us,” we often express it as an indirect object.


Now, I am sure you are aware that, in English, we “quantify” discounts differently than in Cantonese. In Cantonese, we express discounts as the “percentage of the original price” that we are paying. For example, we express something as “80% of the original price 八折.”


In English, however, we express discounts as the “percentage that is taken off the original price.” For example:


The store gave us a 20% discount.

商店給了我們 八折


In this example, we can also see that we usually use the “discounted percentage” as an adjective modifier in front of the noun “discount” to quantify the discount -- for example, “a 10% discount,” “a 20% discount,” “a 50% discount,” etc.


Now, a noun phrase like “a 20% discount” refers to the “discount” itself. If we want to use this noun phrase to describe something else, we usually express that with a fixed prepositional phrase with “at.” For example:


I bought the jacket at a discount

我以折扣價買了這件外套


I bought the jacket at a 20% discount.

我以 20% 的折扣買了這件外套


The preposition phrases “at a discount” and “at a 20% discount” here are adverb phrases that modify the core action of the finite verb of these two sentences, which is “I bought the jacket.” This describes that the action of “buying the jacket” was done “at this discount.”


Another way of expressing the same meaning as “at a 20% discount” is “20% off.” We usually use this phrase as a predicate adjective phrase to describe a discounted product. For example: 


This jacket was 20% off.

這件外套打了 8 折


Informally, “X% off” is also often used as an adverb phrase, sometimes in a prepositional phrase but often even on its own. For example: 


I bought this jacket at 20% off.

我以 20% 的折扣買了這件外套


I bought this jacket 20% off.

我以 20% 的折扣買了這件外套


If we use a prepositional phrase like “at 20% off,” the underlying phrase is actually something like “at a 20% off discount,” with the noun phrase in the prepositional phrase still being “discount” but with it omitted through frequent use.


An adjective that is derived from the verb “discount” is its past participle form “discounted,” which means “lowered.” For example, the noun phrase “discounted price” is a frequent collocation. We can again use a prepositional phrase like “at a discounted price,” which means the same thing as “at a discount”:  


I bought this jacket at a discounted price.

我以折扣價買了這件外套


Also, we can describe the “size” of discounts with the adjectives “big” and “small.” For example: 


Can you give us an even bigger discount?

你可以給我們更大的折扣嗎?


Finally, I can think of the common noun phrase “discount store” -- a compound noun phrase with the noun “discount” acting as the modifier of the core noun “store” -- which means a shop that sells things at low prices, such as Japanese “100 yen” shops.


Mini Exercise:  

Express this meaning in English: 


他們給了我們7折優惠


Answers:


They gave us a 30% discount.


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