不必害怕冗長的修飾語詞組

 


我收到不少讀者的回應,說他們2025的新年願景是想多去旅行。


其中一位更分享了紐約時報一篇文章的連結給我,標題是 52 Places to Go in 2025。(https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/travel/places-to-travel-destinations-2025.html). 


這些地方的確非常吸引,可惜對我這種有小孩的家長而言,許多地點都有點不現實了🥲


但無論如何,在讀完文章中關於非洲國家安哥拉的簡介後,我發現可以用段落的第一句作為例子供大家參考一下:


Angola, with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert, is ripe for explorers.


(Engle, J. (2025, January 10). What is your dream travel destination? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/10/learning/what-is-your-dream-travel-destination.html


學生經常都對子句或句子中包含長修飾詞組的情況感到很困惑,因為這讓人很難釐清不同文法部分的在句中的角色,以及它們之間的關係。


例如,這個似乎很長的句子不過就是一組限定子句 – 有名詞主語「Angola」和一個與之相應的限定動詞「is」:


Angola, with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert, is ripe for explorers.


但因為在限定動詞「is」之前,還出現了一個冗長的形容詞組來修飾名詞主語「Angola」,許多學生在中段便會「迷失」了,跟不上句子本身的脈絡。


只要使用系統性的框架去分析句子,我們會知道「with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert」這部分其實都是修飾「Angola」的形容詞組。


假如我們把這個冗長的形容詞組拿掉,便會得出:


Angola is ripe for explorers.


所以,不用害怕這冗長的形容詞組,它就只是個「形容詞」,用以描述和修飾名詞「Angola」罷了。


Angola, with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert, is ripe for explorers.


也因此,「Angola」與這個長形容詞的整個組合,其實就是「名詞組」。


這對於中文母語人士是比較難理解的,因為英文多數形容詞組都是出現在被修飾的核心名詞後面,但中文則是把所有形容詞放在核心名詞之前。


所以當看到像「Angola, with its…..Desert」這樣的形容詞組,你可以將它以中文的詞序去思考,即把那長長的形容詞組移到前面:


“With its undiscovered….”的 Angola
擁有尚未開發的熱帶海灘...的 Angola


要緊記,核心名詞是「Angola」– 無論修飾它的形容詞組有多長多複雜,這個主語名詞組中的核心名詞也一定是「Angola」。只要清晰認知這一點,便不會「迷失」在接下來的冗長形容詞組中。


這句子的核心是:



Angola is ripe for explorers. 


另外再加入了一個很長的形容詞組來形容「Angola」:


Angola, with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert, is ripe for explorers. 


我不打算在此對詳細分析這形容詞組中的不同結構層,但其中一個讓大家感到困惑的原因,正因為它包含了一組關係子句「which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert」,用作名詞「Iona」的形容詞。


許多學生都覺得關係子句很難理解,而當關係子句又在更長的形容詞組中修飾另一個名詞時,就更令人困惑了。


不過,只要你能依據有系統的框架,逐層去理解句子的結構,那麼一切都會清晰起來:


Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert


關係子句「which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert」是名詞「Iona」的形容詞,翻譯成中文的話會是:


“Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert”


坐落在擁有5500萬年歷史的納米布沙漠中的 Iona 伊奧納國家公園


然後,這個名詞組又位於較長的介詞組「with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert」之中,翻譯成中文的話會是:


“with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert”


擁有尚未開發的熱帶海灘、如卡蘭杜拉這樣的神聖瀑布,以及坐落在擁有5500萬年歷史的納米布沙漠中的伊奧納國家公園 


以中文思考時,最佳方法是在這種長形容詞組的尾端加一個「」字。這樣我們便不會忘記,那些都只是名詞「Angola」的形容詞:


Angola, with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert” 


擁有尚未開發的熱帶海灘、如卡蘭杜拉這樣的神聖瀑布,以及坐落在擁有5500萬年歷史的納米布沙漠中的伊奧納國家公園的 安哥拉


當面對這種長形容詞組時,只要你稍停下來,做一個簡單的分析,便會發現它其實也沒有很神秘或很複雜喔!


Don’t be Afraid of Long Modifier Phrases!


Many readers of this newsletter messaged me to say that one of their New Year’s Resolutions in 2025 is to travel more.


One of them even sent me a link to an interesting article called “52 Places to Go in 2025” from the New York Times Travel section. (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/travel/places-to-travel-destinations-2025.html). 


I enjoyed reading about the places featured -- although I have to admit that many of them are not really realistic travel destinations for families with young children like mine, haha.


Anyway, I thought of something to write about after reading this first sentence from the blurb on the African country Angola: 


Angola, with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert, is ripe for explorers.


(Engle, J. (2025, January 10). What is your dream travel destination? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/10/learning/what-is-your-dream-travel-destination.html


Very often, students get confused when there are long modifier phrases in a clause or sentence because they make it more difficult for you to see clearly where the different grammatical parts are, and how they relate to each other.


For example, this seemingly long sentence is all just one finite clause -- there is one noun subject, “Angola,” and one corresponding finite verb, “is”: 


Angola, with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert, is ripe for explorers.


However, because there is a long adjective phrase modifying the noun subject “Angola” here, before “arriving” at the finite verb “is,” many students would get “lost” in the middle and lose track of the flow of the clause. 


If we use a systematic framework to analyze sentences, we would know that the part “with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Dessert” is all a long adjective phrase to “Angola.” 


As such, if we took this long adjective phrase away, we would see: 


Angola is ripe for explorers.


Don’t be scared of a long adjective phrase like this. It is all just an “adjective” -- as in, providing description and modification -- to the noun “Angola”:


Angola, with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert, is ripe for explorers.


As such, “Angola,” along with this long adjective phrase, is actually one long “noun phrase.”


This is often confusing for native speakers of Chinese because, in English, most adjective phrases come “after” the core noun they are modifying -- unlike in Chinese, in which all adjectives come “before” the core noun.


So, when you are confused about a long adjective phrase like this, it is useful to think of “Angola, with its…..Desert” in Chinese -- you would just have to move the long adjective phrase to the front, as in: 


“With its undiscovered….”的 Angola
擁有尚未開發的熱帶海灘...的 Angola


The point is that the core noun here is “Angola” -- no matter how long the adjective phrase modifying it is, the core noun of the subject noun phrase here is “Angola.” As long as you don’t lose sight of this, you would not get “lost” in the middle of this long adjective phrase. 


The sentence is, at its core: 


Angola is ripe for explorers. 


It is just that there is a long adjective phrase describing “Angola”:


Angola, with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert, is ripe for explorers. 


We won’t analyze the different layers of this adjective phrase in detail here, but another reason why it would seem confusing to students is that it contains a relative clause -- “which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert” -- acting as an adjective to the noun “Iona” within.


Many students find relative clauses hard to understand as they are, so, when this relative clause is modifying a noun within a longer adjective phrase for another noun, it seems even more confusing. 


But, ultimately, if you have the framework to understand that sentences are structured systematically in layers, everything would become clearer:


Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert


The relative clause “which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert” acts as an adjective to the noun “Iona”-- in Chinese, this noun phrase with the relative clause adjective would be:


“Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert”


坐落在擁有5500萬年歷史的納米布沙漠中的 Iona 伊奧納國家公園


Then, this noun phrase is in turn within the longer prepositional phrase “with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert” -- which in Chinese would be:


“with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert”


擁有尚未開發的熱帶海灘、如卡蘭杜拉這樣的神聖瀑布,以及坐落在擁有5500萬年歷史的納米布沙漠中的伊奧納國家公園 


When you think in Chinese, it is useful to think of the “” at the end of a long adjective phrase like this in order not to lose track of the fact that all of it is just an adjective to the noun “Angola”:


Angola, with its undiscovered tropical beaches, sacred waterfalls like Kalandula and national parks like Iona, which sits within the 55-million-year-old Namib Desert” 


擁有尚未開發的熱帶海灘、如卡蘭杜拉這樣的神聖瀑布,以及坐落在擁有5500萬年歷史的納米布沙漠中的伊奧納國家公園的 安哥拉


There is nothing mysterious or particularly complicated about a long adjective phrase like this if you pause to do a simple analysis!

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