「dangling modifiers」是甚麼?

下面的句子,犯了一個俗稱「dangling modifier」的(書寫)錯誤:

Stepping out of the shower, the phone rang.* ❌


所謂「dangling modifier」,是指一個修飾語,在它的句子結構中,實際沒有修飾到它在那位置本應該要修飾的元素。

這個句子的主語是「the phone」,finite verb是「rang」。

這句中還有一個修飾語詞組「stepping out of the shower」(由「stepping」開始的participle詞組種類修飾語)。

這組修飾語被移動至句子的開頭,放於subject「the phone」前面。

在這個位置的修飾語,只會是整個子句中核心動作的副詞,或是作為主語形容詞的修飾語詞組。

也就是說,「stepping out of the shower」這詞組既然出現在子句中的最前位置,它在這位置的角色本應是要修飾主語「the phone」和其核心動作「the phone rang」的。

但很明顯,「the phone」並不是被這修飾語詞組修飾的元素,因為它並不是「stepping out of the shower」的實行者,畢竟「電話」是不可能「step out of the shower」的。

因此,「stepping out of the shower」實際並不是在修飾它在該位置中應該要修飾的元素。

當一個修飾語不是在修飾它在其位置(經常是被移前的位置)本應要修飾的元素,我們會稱之為「dangling modifier」。因為它沒地修飾相應元素,與子句「分離」了,「懸掛」在前方。

從這句子的語境來看,「stepping out of the shower」所修飾的應該是一個「人物」,例如:



Stepping out of the shower, I heard my phone ringing. ✅


以上句子中的修飾語「stepping out of the shower」已不再是「懸掛」在前方了,因為它正確地修飾了應該修飾的元素 – 這句的主語「I」,以及其核心動作「I heard my phone ringing」。

這修飾語為核心動作「I heard my phone ringing」增添了一個背景資訊,就是「I」是在剛剛「踏出浴室」的情況下,「聽到電話響」的。

「dangling modifier」是個常見的書寫錯誤,但只要我們每次都檢查清楚,修飾語是否正確地修飾著在它位置應修飾的相應元素,也是絕對可以避免犯錯的。

我們可以將「dangling modifier」視為書寫時會犯的錯誤,因為在說話時,我們其實是經常改變說話內容的方向。我們很多時候都不是由始至終地說出一句完整的句子,因此要確定修飾語是否有正確地修飾句中的另一個元素,是比較困難的(或應說相對不重要),因為那「句」本身是甚麼可以不停改變。

然而在書寫時,一個句子的分界是我們自己清晰地定立的。所以一旦發現在一句中,修飾語沒有正確地修飾句中應要修飾的元素,便可以將其視為「dangling」。 

上述例句中包含的修飾語是一個participle詞組,但其實任何種類的修飾語也可能成為「dangling modifier」的。以下是其他幾個的例子:


After having lunch, the meeting started.*  ❌

As one of the most famous chefs in the city, Ellen’s restaurant is always fully booked.* ❌


第一句,「after having lunch」沒有正確地修飾「the meeting」或「the meeting started」的動作(「會議」並不是「吃午飯」的元素)。它所修飾的其實是一個人物。

第二句,「as one of the most famous chefs in the city」並沒有正確地修飾「Ellen’s restaurant」。它所修飾的其實是「Ellen」,因為是「Ellen」才是「城中其中一個最出名的廚師」,而非「Ellen’s restaurant」(她的餐廳)。

假如想保留原有的修飾語,我們便要重寫句子,使它能修飾「正確的」元素。例如:



After having lunch, they joined the meeting. ✅

As one of the most famous chefs in the city, Ellen has a very successful restaurant. ✅


由於「dangling modifier」是種書寫錯誤,所以連母語人士也會經常犯錯。

這是我剛從一則社交媒體貼文的標題上,看到的一個實例:



Amending the French constitution is a rare and lengthy process, having been changed only 17 times throughout history.* ❌


修飾語組「having been changed only 17 times throughout history」出現在句子的末端。在這位置的修飾語,可以是修飾在它前面的名詞,即「a rare and lengthy process」,或者是修飾整個子句「amending the constitution is a rare and lengthy process」。

只是,「Having been changed only 17 times throughout history」所修飾的對象應該是「French constitution」(法國憲法)才對。

因為沒有正確地修飾這個元素,它便屬於「dangling modifier」。

我們可以嘗試重寫句子來避開這錯誤。例如:



Amending the French constitution is a rare and lengthy process. Indeed, it has only been changed 17 times throughout history. ✅

Amending the French constitution, which has only been changed 17 times throughout history, is a rare and lengthy process. ✅



下次寫作時,記得要多注意這點了。


小練習

以下哪句中包含了「dangling modifier」?你可以改寫它嗎?

Which of the following sentences contains a “dangling modifier”? Can you correct it? 

  1. Sitting down with his coffee, Aaron started to work. 

  1. Sitting down with his coffee, Aaron’s laptop suddenly froze.

________________

(English version) 


The following sentence contains a mistake (in writing) called a “dangling modifier”:



Stepping out of the shower, the phone rang.* ❌



A so-called “dangling modifier” is a modifier that is not actually modifying the element that it is meant to be modifying given its role and position within the structure of the sentence. 

In this sentence, the subject is “the phone,” and the finite verb is “rang.”

There is also a modifier phrase “stepping out of the shower” (a participle phrase starting with the participle “stepping.”)

This modifier phrase has been “topicalized” – that is, moved – to the front of the sentence, in front of the subject “the phone.”

In this topicalized position, a modifier is either an adverb phrase for the core action in the whole clause, or it is a modifier phrase that acts as an adjective to the subject.

This means that the phrase “stepping out of the shower,” in this position in the clause, is meant to be modifying “the phone” and the core action of “the phone rang.” 

However, clearly, “the phone” is not the “doer” of the action in this modifier phrase – a phone cannot “step out of the shower.”

In other words, the modifier phrase “stepping out of the shower” is not actually modifying the element that it is meant to be modifying in its position in the clause.

When a modifier, usually topicalized like this, is not modifying the element it is meant to be modifying, we call it a “dangling modifier” – because it is like “dangling” in a “detached” way from the clause, without correctly being part of the clause by modifying the corresponding element.

If we take the context of this sentence, “stepping out of the shower” is clearly intended to be a modifier for a “person,” perhaps like: 


Stepping out of the shower, I heard my phone ringing. ✅


In this sentence, the modifier “stepping out of the shower” is no longer “dangling” and “detached” in front. It is correctly modifying the element it is meant to be modifying – that is, the subject “I” and its core action of “hearing my phone ringing.” 

The modifier adds the description that “I” was just “stepping out of the shower” in the “background” as “I heard my phone ringing” (core action).

“Dangling modifiers” are common mistakes in writing that can be avoided as long as we check whether a modifier is correctly modifying what it is meant to modify in each sentence.

We can think of “dangling modifiers” primarily as mistakes in writing because, in speech, we often change the direction of what we are saying. We don’t always finish a sentence from start to finish as a whole in speaking, and so it is harder (and not as important) to determine whether a modifier that has been uttered is correctly modifying another element in the sentence.

In writing, however, we have clear delineations of what we are putting down as sentences. As such, in each sentence, if a modifier is not correctly modifying what it is meant to modify in its sentence, we can deem it “dangling.” We should watch out for these mistakes.

Here are a few more examples of “dangling modifiers.” The example above contains a modifier that is a participle phrase – but any type of modifier phrase can be “dangling”: 


After having lunch, the meeting started.*  ❌

As one of the most famous chefs in the city, Ellen’s restaurant is always fully booked.* ❌


In the first sentence, “after having lunch” is not correctly modifying “the meeting” or the action of “the meeting started.” It is a modifier for a “person” instead. 

In the second sentence, “as one of the most famous chefs in the city” is not correctly modifying “Ellen’s restaurant.” It is a modifier for “Ellen” and not “Ellen’s restaurant.”

If we keep the same modifiers, we would have to rewrite the sentences so that the “correct” element is being modified. For example:


After having lunch, they joined the meeting. ✅

As one of the most famous chefs in the city, Ellen has a very successful restaurant. ✅


Because “dangling modifiers” are mistakes in writing, native speakers often make them as well. 

This is a real-life example I just encountered in the caption to a post on social media:



“Amending the French constitution is a rare and lengthy process, having been changed only 17 times throughout history.*” ❌


The modifier “having been changed only 17 times throughout history” is at the end of the sentence. In this position, it can either be modifying the noun in front of it, that is, “a rare and lengthy process,” or it can be modifying the whole clause of “amending the constitution is a rare and lengthy process.”

“Having been changed only 17 times throughout history,” however, is meant to modify “the French constitution” instead. 

Because it is not correctly modifying this element in this sentence, it is “dangling.” 

We could rewrite the whole sentence to avoid this mistake. For example:


Amending the French constitution is a rare and lengthy process. Indeed, it has only been changed 17 times throughout history. 

Amending the French constitution, which has only been changed 17 times throughout history, is a rare and lengthy process. 


Try to watch out for this in your own writing.


Mini Exercise

Which of the following sentences contains a “dangling modifier”? Can you correct it? 

  1. Sitting down with his coffee, Aaron started to work. 

  1. Sitting down with his coffee, Aaron’s laptop suddenly froze.






_______

Answer:



(b) E.g. Sitting down with his coffee, Aaron realized that his laptop froze.

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