不同字形,一樣特徵!

 


文法是系統性的,因此一個動詞,無論在句子中呈現哪種字形,它的特徵也是一樣的(只要它是在表達同一意思)。

動詞可以以各種不同字形出現。

如果你是我們「英文概論課程」的學生,你應該知道在子句中的核心動詞是finite verb(限定動詞)– 一個會顯示出時態(以及體貌、語態、文法語氣)的動詞字形。

例如:

I made a cake.

They relied on you.

上述句子的限定動詞分別是「made」和「relied」。(你可以在我們免費的tense webinar中學到全部的限定動詞字形。)

但除了限定動詞,動詞也可以「非限定」(non-finite)的字形出現。

例如,動詞「make」和「rely」同樣也有以下這些「非限定」的字形:

making」 「relying→ present participle字形及 gerund字形
(例: Making a cake, I feel happy.



make / to make」 「rely / to rely→ infinitive字形(基本字形)
(例:They want to rely on you.) 


made」「relied→ past participle字形

(例: Made from scratch, the cake is delicious.)


關於這些字形在句子中的文法功能,我們先不詳細探討了。(它們會與其他輔助動詞組成各式各樣的限定動詞,並在句子中扮演其他元素的修飾語或補充語,或者作為外層句子中的名詞。)

我想在這裡分享的,只是一個結構性的重點:

無論一個動詞在句子中以哪種字形出現,只要是表達同一意思,其賓語和修飾語也會是一樣的。

所以,即使在不同句子中使用了一個動詞的不同字形,也不要因此而轉換賓語和修飾語。

我們以「make a cake」( 「make」加上直接賓語「a cake」)為例,這是用英文來表達「做蛋糕」的方式。

我們可以用「make」作為限定動詞來造句:

I made a cake.

但我們再組成另一個句子時,可能需要用到「make」的另一種字形。只要我們仍然是想以它來表達「做蛋糕」的意思,它的賓語也會是「a cake」。

例如:

I decided to make a cake.

這句子中的限定動詞是「decided」,而這動詞正好需要一個 infinitive 詞組來完整它的意思。因此我們才會加入標記字「to」,將「make」變成infinitive字形。

「make」的直接賓語依然是「a cake」,因為它依然是「做蛋糕」的意思。

不同的,只是這句中的「make」屬於infinitive字形,而「to make a cake」這一整個詞組(包括內部賓語「a cake」),都是用以完成「decided」意思的infinitive詞組。

重點是,如果我們就是想用「make a cake」來表達「做蛋糕」的意思,其直接賓語便一定是「a cake」,無論「make」在句子結構中呈現甚麼字形也一樣。

以下是「make」以gerund字形出現的例子:

Making a cake is fun.

「Gerund」(有「-ing」字尾)是非限定的動詞字形,扮演著外層子句中的名詞角色。這裡的「making」就是扮演整句的主語。(句子意思:「做蛋糕」(這動作)是好玩的).

因為我們要表達的還是「做蛋糕」的意思,這gerund字形的「making」,直接賓語仍然會是「a cake」。「Making a cake」是一個gerund詞組,有一個內部賓語「a cake」。

我們再看看其他使用動詞「rely」的例子:

They relied on you.

They want to rely on you.

They will keep relying on you. 

Relying on you, they feel secure. 

動詞「rely」有一個特徵,是需要被特定 preposition「on」引出的 preposition 詞組來完成意思。

就如「make a cake」一樣,不管句子中的「rely」是哪種字形 –「relied」、「to rely」 、「relying」,以及扮演甚麼文法角色,它仍然需要連接一個「on」的 preposition 詞組,因為其特徵是不變的。(只要我們還是用它來表達「依賴某人」的意思。)

因此,你若懂得正確地組成這樣的句子:

They relied on you.

那麼在同樣要以「rely」其他字形表達「依賴你」的意思時,你就沒理由會犯以下的錯誤:

❌ They want to rely you.*
(They want to rely on you.)

Relying, they feel secure.*
(Relying on you, they feel secure.)

既然你知道「rely」在表達「依賴某人」的意思時要配合一個「on」preposition詞組,那請記得無論它的字形如何,這特徵也是不變的。

P.S.

如果是past participle字形,我們的考慮因素會有些許不同。Past participle表達的是動詞的被動意思,因此只有在主動語態中具有直接賓語的動詞才會有這種字形。

例如,由於「make a cake」在主動語態中有直接賓語「the cake」,動詞「make」便可以以past participle字形出現。

而當「make」以past participle字形出現,被動限定字形的它,同樣具有相同的特徵:

This cake was made in my mom’s kitchen. 

This cake made in my mom’s kitchen tastes really good.

→ 「Made」是past participle字形。

這句中,participle詞組「made in my mom’s kitchen」是「this cake」的形容詞,表達出「在我媽媽廚房被做出來的」的被動意思


小練習

配合下列句子,將「give my daughter a kiss on the cheek(親女兒的臉龐)改成不同的動詞字形,同時保留一樣的賓語和修飾語。

  1. I can’t wait _______________________________________________!     
    (我急不及待要親女兒的臉龐!)

  1. I dreamt about ____________________________________________ .
  2. (我夢見親女兒的臉龐)
  3. (Hint: “about” is a preposition. Prepositions are followed by nouns.)



_____________
(English version) 


Since grammar is systematic, verbs have the same characteristics no matter what form they happen to be in in a sentence (when they are expressing the same meaning). 

Verbs can appear in many different forms. 

If you have taken our core course, you would know that the core verb in a clause is the “finite verb” – as in, the verb form that shows tense (as well as aspect, voice, and grammatical mood).

For example:



I made a cake.

They relied on you.

In these sentences, the finite verbs are “made” and “relied” respectively. (You can learn about all the finite verb forms in our free tense webinar).

However, apart from finite verbs, verbs can also appear in other “non-finite” forms.

For example, the verbs “make” and “rely” also have these non-finite forms: 

making” “relying”  → present participle form, gerund form

(e.g. “Making a cake, I feel happy.”)

make / to make” “rely / to rely” → base or infinitive form

(e.g. “They want to rely on you.”) 

made” “relied” → past participle form

(e.g. “Made from scratch, the cake is delicious.”)

We won’t go into detail about the grammatical functions that these forms play in sentences. (They variously form finite verbs with other auxiliary verbs, act as modifiers or complements to other elements in the sentence, or act as nouns within the outer sentence.)

The point I would like to make in this newsletter is just a structural one – that a verb, when it is expressing the same meaning, has the same characteristics in terms of objects and modifiers no matter what form it happens to be in in a sentence.

So, don’t change the objects or modifiers of a verb from one sentence to another just because you are using the verb in a different form.

For example, let’s take “make a cake” (“make” with a direct object “a cake”). This is how we would express the meaning of 做蛋糕 in English.

We might form a sentence like this, using “make” as the finite verb:

I made a cake.

Now, if we form another sentence and need to change “make” into another verb form because of what we need to express, it would still have the direct object “a cake” as long as we are still using it to express the meaning of 做蛋糕.

For example:

I decided to make a cake.

Here, the finite verb of the sentence is “decided,” and this verb happens to require an infinitive phrase to complete its meaning. That is why we need to change “make” into an infinitive form, with the marker “to.”

However, “a cake” would still be the direct object of “make” – it is just that, in this sentence, “make” is in infinitive form, and so, the whole phrase “to make a cake,” including the internal object “a cake,” is an infinitive phrase that completes the meaning of “decided.”

The point is, if we want to use “make a cake” to express the meaning of 做蛋糕, “a cake” would be the direct object of “make” no matter what form “make” is in the structure of a sentence.

For example, in the following sentence, “make” is in gerund form:

Making a cake is fun.

A gerund (with ending “-ing”) is a non-finite verb form that acts as a noun in the outer sentence. Here, “making” is a gerund that is acting as the subject of the entire sentence (“做蛋糕” is fun).

Even though “making” is now in gerund form, it would still have the direct object “a cake” if we want to express the meaning of 做蛋糕. “Making a cake” is a gerund phrase (a phrase starting with a gerund) that is the subject of this sentence, and it has the internal object “a cake.” 

Let’s look at another example, with the verb “rely”:

They relied on you.

They want to rely on you.

They will keep relying on you. 

Relying on you, they feel secure. 

The verb “rely” has the characteristic of being completed in meaning by a prepositional phrase with the specific preposition “on.”

Just like with “make a cake,” no matter what form “rely” happens to be in in a sentence – “relied,” “to rely,” “relying” – and what grammatical role it is playing, it needs the same prepositional phrase with “on” to complete it because this characteristic does not change (as long as we are using it to express the meaning of 依賴某人).

So, if you are able to form a sentence like this correctly:

They rely on you.

Then there is no reason why you would make the following mistakes when you are forming other sentences with other forms of “rely” to express 依賴你:

❌ They want to rely you.*
(They want to rely on you.)

Relying, they feel secure.*
(Relying on you, they feel secure.)

You know that “rely” needs a prepositional phrase with “on” to express the meaning of 依賴某人, so remember that this characteristic doesn’t change no matter what form the verb is in. 

P.S.

For “past participle” forms, the consideration is slightly different. Past participles express a passive meaning of the verb, so only verbs that have a direct object in active voice have them.

For example, since “make a cake” has the direct object “a cake” in active voice, the verb “make” could appear in past participle form. 

If this “make” appears in past participle form, it would have the same characteristics as “make” in passive finite verb form (when it is expressing the same meaning). For example:

This cake was made in my mom’s kitchen. 

This cake made in my mom’s kitchen tastes really good.

→ “Made” is in past participle form. 

The participle phrase “made in my mom’s kitchen” acts as an adjective to “this cake” in this sentence, expressing the passive meaning of “被在我媽媽廚房做出來的"


Mini Exercise

Change “give my daughter a kiss on the cheek” (親女兒的臉龐)into different verb forms to suit the following sentences while keeping the same objects and modifiers.

  1. I can’t wait ____________________________________________ !       
     (我急不及待要親女兒的臉龐!)

  1. I dreamt about _____________________________________________________ .

        (我夢見親女兒的臉龐)

        (Hint: “about” is a preposition. Prepositions are followed by nouns.)



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